LC3B Antibody

Knockout Validated: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Lysates of HeLa parental cell line and LC3B knockout HeLa cell line (KO) untreated (-) or treated (+) with 50 uM Chloroquine for 18 hours. PVDF (Polyvinylidene difluoride) membrane was probed with 0.5 ug/mL of Rabbit Anti-LC3B Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # NB100-2220) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog# HAF008). A specific band was detected for LC3B at a molecular weight of approximately 15 kDa (as indicated) in the parental HeLa cell line, but is not detectable in the knockout HeLa cell line. GAPDH is shown as a loading control. This experiment was conducted under reducing conditions.

Knockout Validated: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - LC3B was detected in immersion fixed Cloroquine treated HeLa cells (left) but was not detected in LC3B knockout HeLa cells (right) using rabbit anti-human LC3B polyclonal antibody (Catalog #NB100-2220) at 0.3 ug/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained using the NorthernLights™ 557-conjugated anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary Antibody (red; Catalog # NL004) and counterstained with DAPI (blue). Specific staining was localized to cytoplasm.

Western Blot: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Autophagy Investigation. (A) Representative WBs (Western Blots) of LC3B-I, LC3B-II and GAPDH loading control in DANs derived from 4 iPD patients and 4 healthy controls. (B) WBs from three independent experiments were quantified by densitometry and LC3B-II normalized to a loading control. Grouping of data by healthy vs iPD as well as iPD stratified for T/T and C/C genotype. (C) Ratio of LC3B-II (normalized to loading control) following bafilomycin treatment/untreated. Citation: Marrone L, Bus C, Schondorf D, Fitzgerald JC, Kubler M, Schmid B, et al. (2018) Generation of iPSCs carrying a common LRRK2 risk allele for in vitro modeling of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192497. //doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192497

Immunohistochemistry-Frozen: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - LC3 accumulation in muscle fibers from patients with PAD (row B - E). Normal fibers from a Non-PAD sample (row A). Scale bar = 100 uM. Image from verified customer review.

Immunohistochemistry: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Localization of LC3 by immunohistochemical method. The immunohistochemical staining shows that LC3, CRF, and HIF-1alpha have an overlapping localization in villous and extravillous trophoblast. d: decidua; v: villi; DeVe: decidual vessel. Original magnification 40x. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/689768/) licensed under a CC-BY licence.

Western Blot: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Detection of LC3B in mouse ES cell lysates using Rabbit anti- [Catalog # NB100-2220]. LC3 detected at a molecular weight of approximately 17 kDa. Atg5-/- ES cells from Dr. Noboru Mizushima [Mizushima, N. et al. J. Cell Biol. 152 (2001)] Photo courtesy of Dr. Beth Levine, UT SW Medical Center.

Western Blot: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Autophagy induced by ceramide in CNE2 and SUNE1 cells. Ceramide dose and time-dependently induced the formation of LC3-II, a marker for autophagy. SUNE1 cells were treated with ceramide in the indicated concentrations for 24 h or treated with 20 uM ceramide for the indicated times. Lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting with LC3 antibody. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5876-9-161) licensed under a CC-BY licence.

Western Blot: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - GNA triggers the formation of autophagic markers in A549 and HeLa cell. Effects of GNA on LC3 protein. A549 cells were treated with various concentrations of GNA for 24 hours or 3 uM GNA for the indicated periods of time, then analyzed by western blotting using anti-LC3 antibodies. GAPDH protein was used as the loading control. The bar graph shows the band intensities of LC3-II relative to those of GAPDH. Mean+/- SEM, n = 3, *means p<0.05, ** p<0.01, one-way ANOVA. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083604), licensed under a CC-BY licence.

Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - ORP1L and VAP-A form cholesterol-dependent ER-AV contact sites MelJuSo cells expressing GFP or GFP-tagged ORP1L mutants were fixed and stained for LC3 and Calnexin. Y477 and D478 in the FFAT motif were mutated to alanines in the ORP1L ydaa mutant. Scale bar, 10 um. Right: co-immunoprecipitation for ORP1L (mutants) with VAP-A. GFP-ORP1L mutants or GFP were isolated from lysates of HEK293T cells co-overexpressing HA-VAPA using GFP-Trap beads. Western blot filters were probed for isolated GFP-tagged proteins, the associated HA-VAP-A and the input HA-VAP-A, as indicated. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncomms11808), licensed under a CC-BY licence.

Immunohistochemistry: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - SCI leads to lysosomal dysfunction. Representative high magnification images ( x 60) of LC3 (green) and CTSD (red) staining in VH of gray matter from sham and day 1 SCI animals. Decrease in number and intensity of CTSD puncta (lysosomes) and increase in LC3 puncta (autophagosomes) is apparent after SCI. Scale bar is 10 um. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//www.nature.com/articles/cddis2014527) licensed under a CC-BY licence.

Western Blot: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Lysates of mouse NIH3T3 and rat PC-12 cell lines untreated (-) or treated (+) with Chloroquine. PVDF (Polyvinylidene difluoride) membrane was probed with 0.5 ug/mL rabbit anti-LC3B polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # NB100-2220, Novus Biologicals), followed by 1:2000 dilution of goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody. LC3 detected at a molecular weight of approximately 15 kDa in treated NIH3T3 and PC-12 cells.

Western Blot: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Analysis of LC3 in untreated and treated H9C2 cells using Rabbit anti-LC3B Antibody [Catalog # NB100-2220].

Western Blot: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Detection of LC3I and LC3II in mouse cochlea cell line SV-K1 using Rabbit anti-LC3B Antibody [Catalog # NB100-2220]. Cells were treated with chloroquine (1 uM), and As2O3 (1 uM) for 24 hrs. Image from verified customer review.

Western Blot: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Expression of autophagic protein LC3 in BME-UV1 cells forming acinar structures on Matrigel. Representative images of Western blot analysis of LC3 in bovine MECs grown in 3D culture for 3, 6, 9, and 14 days in differentiation medium (control), enriched with 17beta-estradiol (E2, 1 nM), progesterone (P4, 5 ng/mL), or both (E + P); expression of beta-actin was used as a loading control; graphs below the images show the results of densitometric analysis, in which IOD of each band was measured, and the values were normalized to IOD of beta-actin; the IOD results are presented as means +/- SEM from at least three separate experiments. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/382653/) licensed under a CC-BY licence.

Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Autophagosomes accumulate in neurons of the VH gray matter at day 1 after SCI. Representative images of IHC staining for LC3 (green) and neuronal marker NeuN (red) in VH of gray matter from sham and SCI animals. Stronger co-localization between NeuN and LC3 is apparent at day 1 after SCI. Scale bar is 20 um. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//www.nature.com/articles/cddis2014527) licensed under a CC-BY licence.

Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Autophagosomes accumulate in microglia and oligodendrocytes of the dorsal white matter adjacent to injury after SCI. Representative images of IHC staining for LC3 (green) and activated microglia marker CD11B (red) in dorsal white matter of sham and SCI animals. Increased co-localization between LC3 and CD11B is apparent at day 1 after SCI. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//www.nature.com/articles/cddis2014527) licensed under a CC-BY licence.

Immunohistochemistry: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Staining of rat brain tissue section. Analysis using Rabbit anti-LC3B Antibody [Catalog # NB100-2220]. Image from verified customer review.

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Human ovarian Cancer tissue stained using heat mediated antigen retrieval in pH 6.0 citrate buffer at 1:200 dilution. Image provided by verified customer review.

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - FFPE (Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded) tissue section of mouse brain using 1:200 dilution of Rabbit anti-LC3B antibody [Catalog # NB100-2220]. The specific signal of LC3 was detected using HRP-conjugated secondary antibody with DAB (3, 3 -diaminobenzidine) reagent, and nuclei of cells were counterstained using hematoxylin. This LC3B antibody generated a low to moderate levels of cytoplasmic staining in the glial cells. The neurons depicted a moderate to strong staining for LC3 in their cytoplasm.

Immunohistochemistry: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Analysis using the Biotin conjugate of Rabbit anti-LC3B Antibody [Catalog # NB100-2220]. Staining of brain, cerebral cortex, neurons with cell processes.

Simple Western: LC3B Antibody [NB100-2220] - Image shows a specific band for LC3B at a molecular weight of approximately 15 kDa in 0.5 mg/mL of Neuro2A lysate. This experiment was performed under reducing conditions using the 12-230 kDa separation system.

• Reactivity: Hu, Mu, Rt, Po, Av, Ba, Bv, Ca, Ch, Gp, Ha, In, Pm, Pm, Rb, SyHa, Ze
• Applications: WB, Simple Western, ELISA, Flow, IB, ICC/IF, IHC, IHC-Fr, IHC-P, IP, PLA, ChIP, KD, KO
• Clonality: Polyclonal
• Host: Rabbit
• Conjugate: Unconjugated
• Concentration: 1.0 mg/ml

LC3B Antibody Summary

• Immunogen: Polyclonal LC3B Antibody was made to a synthetic peptide made to an N-terminal portion of the human LC3B protein sequence (between residues 1-100). [UniProt# Q9GZQ8]
• Localization: Type I form of LC3B is cytoplasmic, whereas the type II form of LC3B binds to the autophagic membranes.
• Marker: Autophagosome Marker
• Isotype: IgG
• Clonality: Polyclonal
• Host: Rabbit
• Gene: MAP1LC3B
• Purity: Immunogen affinity purified

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Western Blot 0.5 - 2.0 ug/ml
  • Simple Western 1:50
  • ELISA
  • Flow Cytometry
  • Immunoblotting
  • Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence 1:200
  • Immunohistochemistry 1:200-1:400
  • Immunohistochemistry-Frozen
  • Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin 1:200-1:400
  • Immunoprecipitation 20ug/500ug of protein
  • Proximity Ligation Assay
  • Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
  • Knockdown Validated
  • Knockout Validated
• Application Notes: In Western blot, bands are seen at ~17 and 19 kDa corresponding to LC3-II and LC3-I. In some cases a non-specific band is seen at ~21 kDa in mouse protein. In ICC/IF, cytoplasmic staining was observed in HeLa cells. Use in IHC on frozen sections reported in scientific literature (PMID: 20008275). Use in immunoblotting reported in scientific literature (PMID 28559895). Use in ELISA reported in scientific literature (PMID 20503249). Use in ChIP reported in scientific literature (PMID28431247). Use in Proximity Ligation Assay reported in scientific literature (PMID 27219062). Use in FLOW reported in scientific literature (PMID: 27980456). Use in IHC on paraffin-embedded sections reported in scientific literature (PMID: 31071489). Use in Immunoprecipitation reported in scientific literature (PMID: 31209065). In Simple Western only 10 - 15 uL of the recommended dilution is used per data point. Knockdown validation (PMID: 31754102).
• Theoretical MW: 14.688 kDa.
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.
• Control:

  Human Brain Cerebral Cortex Whole Tissue Lysate (Adult Whole Normal)
  Human Brain Whole Tissue Lysate (Adult Whole Normal)
  Neuro2a Chloroquine Treated / Untreated Cell Lysate
  HeLa Chloroquine Treated / Untreated Cell Lysate

• Control Peptide:

  LC3B Protein (NB100-2220PEP)

Reactivity Notes

Bovine reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 24895572). Primate reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 25142602). Canine reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 25839646). Avian reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 29546310). Hamster reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 26423766). Rabbit reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 26497211). The mouse detection has been reported to be weaker than the human. Immunogen sequence has 84% homology to Xenopus. Invertebrate reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 26716072 ). Monkey reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 30324853). Guinea pig reactivity reported by customer review. Rat reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 30744518). Bacteria reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 28783414). Chicken reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 30649814). Porcine reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 30789643). Golden syrian hamster reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 23180219). Zebrafish reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 29185873).

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Store at -20C.
• Buffer: PBS
• Preservative: 0.02% Sodium Azide
• Concentration: 1.0 mg/ml
• Purity: Immunogen affinity purified

Alternate Names for LC3B Antibody

• anti-LC3B
• Apg8b
• atg8f antibody
• ATG8F
• Autophagy-related protein LC3 B
• Autophagy-related ubiquitin-like modifier LC3 B
• lc3b autophagy marker
• LC3B ihc
• LC3B immunohistochemistry
• LC3B immunoprecipitation
• LC3B western blot
• LC3B
• lc3-i, ii
• LC3II
• MAP1 light chain 3-like protein 2
• MAP1A/1BLC3
• MAP1A/MAP1B LC3 B
• MAP1LC3B
• MAP1LC3B-a
• microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta
• microtubule associated protein 3 b
• microtubule associated protein 3 beta
• microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3
• microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B

Background

Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a catabolic process which targets intracellular components such as proteins and organelles for degradation. Originally described as a bulk degradation process, current research supports its selective nature (1). Selective autophagy targets specific cellular components for degradation including the endoplasmic reticulum (2) (ER-phagy), mitochondria (3) (mitophagy), peroxisomes (3) (pexophagy), ribosomes (4) (ribophagy) and bacteria (5) (xenophagy). Autophagy relies on a newly formed phagophore, a membrane structure which elongates, sequesters cellular content, and fuses to form a double membrane vesicle known as the autophagosome. Fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes gives rise to the autophagolysosome, where cellular components are degraded by lysosome hydrolases (1).

Autophagic flux is supported by autophagy-related proteins (Atgs) initially identified in yeast (6,7). The core autophagy machinery is comprised of 17 Atg proteins that play specific roles in autophagosome formation. Among these Atg proteins, Atg8 is not only involved in autophagosome formation but also functions in cargo selection. In mammals, several Atg8 homologues have been identified including microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha, beta and gamma - LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C (8) respectively, as well as GABA type A receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), GABARAP-Like1, and GABARAP-Like2 (9). LC3 (predicted molecular weight 14kD) is ubiquitously expressed and undergoes posttranslational processing after synthesis. First, the cysteine protease Atg4 cleaves a carboxy terminal sequence to generate the cytosolic form LC3-I. Next, E1-like (Atg7) and E2-like (Atg3) enzymes conjugate phosphatidylethanolamine to the newly exposed carboxyterminal glycine, generating LC3-II. Finally, the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16L1 complex participates in LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation (10). LC3B-I to LC3B-II conversion correlates with autophagosome number and is considered the best marker to monitor autophagy.

References

1. Yu, L., Chen, Y., & Tooze, S. A. (2018). Autophagy pathway: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Autophagy. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2017.1378838

2. Forrester, A., De Leonibus, C., Grumati, P., Fasana, E., Piemontese, M., Staiano, L.,... Settembre, C. (2019). A selective ER -phagy exerts procollagen quality control via a Calnexin- FAM 134B complex. The EMBO Journal. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201899847

3. He, X., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., Geng, Y., Gong, J., Geng, J.,... Zhong, H. (2019). RNF34 functions in immunity and selective mitophagy by targeting MAVS for autophagic degradation. The EMBO Journal. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2018100978

4. Mathai, B., Meijer, A., & Simonsen, A. (2017). Studying Autophagy in Zebrafish. Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells6030021

5. Losier, T. T., Akuma, M., McKee-Muir, O. C., LeBlond, N. D., Suk, Y., Alsaadi, R. M.,... Russell, R. C. (2019). AMPK Promotes Xenophagy through Priming of Autophagic Kinases upon Detection of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles. Cell Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.062

6. Nakatogawa, H., Suzuki, K., Kamada, Y., & Ohsumi, Y. (2009). Dynamics and diversity in autophagy mechanisms: Lessons from yeast. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2708

7. Tsukada, M., & Ohsumi, Y. (1993). Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(93)80398-E

8. Wild, P., McEwan, D. G., & Dikic, I. (2014). The LC3 interactome at a glance. Journal of Cell Science. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.140426

9. Igloi, G. L. (2001). Cloning, expression patterns, and chromosome localization of three human and two mouse homologues of GABAA receptor-associated protein. Genomics. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.2001.6555

10. Glick, D., Barth, S., & Macleod, K. F. (2010). Autophagy: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Journal of Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2697

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Publications for LC3B Antibody (NB100-2220)(1052)

Publications using NB100-2220

• Besemer AS, Maus J, Ax MDA et al. Receptor-mediated endocytosis 8 (RME-8)/DNAJC13 is a novel positive modulator of autophagy and stabilizes cellular protein homeostasis Cell. Mol. Life Sci. Apr 22 2020 [PMID: 32322926] (WB, Human)
• Scoles DR, Dansithong W, Pflieger LT et al. ALS-associated genes in SCA2 mouse spinal cord transcriptomes Hum. Mol. Genet. Apr 20 2020 [PMID: 32307524] (WB, Mouse)
• D'Adamo S, Cetrullo S, Guidotti S et al. Spermidine rescues the deregulated autophagic response to oxidative stress of osteoarthritic chondrocytes Free Radic. Biol. Med. Apr 16 2020 [PMID: 32305648]
• Khobrekar NV, Quintremil S, Dantas TJ, Vallee RB The Dynein Adaptor RILP Controls Neuronal Autophagosome Biogenesis, Transport, and Clearance Dev. Cell Apr 20 2020 [PMID: 32275887]
• Tsang YH, Wang Y, Kong K et al. Differential expression of MAGEA6 toggles autophagy to promote pancreatic cancer progression Elife Apr 9 2020 [PMID: 32270762] (ICC/IF, IP, Human)
• Du Y, Qian Y, Tang X et al. Chloroquine attenuates lithium-induced NDI and proliferation of renal collecting duct cells Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. May 1 2020 [PMID: 32249612] (WB, Mouse)
• Lv XF, Zhang YJ, Liu X et al. TMEM16A ameliorates vascular remodeling by suppressing autophagy via inhibiting Bcl-2-p62 complex formation Theranostics Mar 4 2020 [PMID: 32226533] (IHC-Fr, Mouse)
• Intartaglia D, Giamundo G, Marrocco E et Al. Retinal Degeneration in MPS-IIIA Mouse Model Front Cell Dev Biol Mar 4 2020 [PMID: 32195255] (WB, Mouse)
• Mutvei Ap, Nagiec Mj, Hamann Jc et Al. Rap1-GTPases control mTORC1 activity by coordinating lysosome organization with amino acid availability Nat Commun Mar 17 2020 [PMID: 32184389] (WB, Mouse, Human)
• Jin L, Yuan F, Dai G et Al. Blockage of O-linked GlcNAcylation induces AMPK-dependent autophagy in bladder cancer cells Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. Mar 10 2020 [PMID: 32174982] (WB)
• Luningschror P, Werner G, Stroobants S et Al. The FTLD Risk Factor TMEM106B Regulates the Transport of Lysosomes at the Axon Initial Segment of Motoneurons Cell Rep Mar 10 2020 [PMID: 32160553] (WB, EM, Mouse)
• Liang JR, Lingeman E, Luong T et al. A Genome-wide ER-phagy Screen Highlights Key Roles of Mitochondrial Metabolism and ER-Resident UFMylation Cell Mar 19 2020 [PMID: 32160526] (WB, Human)
• Towers Cg, Wodetzki D, Thorburn A Autophagy-dependent cancer cells circumvent loss of the upstream regulator RB1CC1/FIP200 and loss of LC3 conjugation by similar mechanisms Autophagy Mar 18 2020 [PMID: 32160093] (WB, Human)
• Xie B, Zhao M, Song D et Al. Induction of autophagy and suppression of type I IFN secretion by CSFV Autophagy Mar 21 2020 [PMID: 32160078]
• Naso F, Intartaglia D, Falanga D et Al. Light-responsive microRNA miR-211 targets Ezrin to modulate lysosomal biogenesis and retinal cell clearance EMBO J. Mar 10 2020 [PMID: 32154600] (WB, Mouse)
• Pla-Martin D, Schatton D, Wiederstein Jl et Al. CLUH granules coordinate translation of mitochondrial proteins with mTORC1 signaling and mitophagy EMBO J. Mar 9 2020 [PMID: 32149416] (WB, Mouse)
• Domercq M Functional and Metabolic Characterization of Microglia Culture in a Defined Medium Front Cell Neurosci Feb 7 2020 [PMID: 32116565] (ICC/IF, Rat)
• Lee JH, Wolfe DM, Darji S et al. Beta 2-adrenergic agonists rescue lysosome acidification and function in PSEN1 deficiency by reversing defective ER to lysosome delivery of ClC-8 J. Mol. Biol. Feb 24 2020 [PMID: 32105735]
• Wang Z, Yang C, Liu J et al. A Curcumin Derivative Activates TFEB and Protects Against Parkinsonian Neurotoxicity inVitro Int J Mol Sci Feb 22 2020 [PMID: 32098449] (ICC/IF, Mouse, Rat, Human)
• Franco-Iborra S, Plaza-Zabala A, Montpeyo M et al. Mutant HTT (huntingtin) impairs mitophagy in a cellular model of Huntington disease Autophagy Feb 24 2020 [PMID: 32093570]
• Wu W, Wu Y, Mayer K et al. Lipid Peroxidation Plays an Important Role in Chemotherapeutic Effects of Temozolomide and the Development of Therapy Resistance in Human Glioblastoma Transl Oncol Feb 19 2020 [PMID: 32087559] (WB, Human)
• Georgila K, Gounis M, Havaki S et al. mTORC1-dependent protein synthesis and autophagy uncouple in the regulation of Apolipoprotein A-I expression Metab. Clin. Exp. Feb 18 2020 [PMID: 32084429]
• Iaconis D, Crina C, Brillante S et al. The HOPS Complex Subunit VPS39 controls ciliogenesis through autophagy Hum. Mol. Genet. Feb 20 2020 [PMID: 32077937] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Ishikawa M, Takaseki S, Yoshitomi T et al. The neurosteroid allopregnanolone protects retinal neurons by effects on autophagy and GABRs/GABAA receptors in rat glaucoma models Autophagy Feb 27 2020 [PMID: 32070183] (WB, Rat)
• POtsch MS, Ishida J, Palus S et al. MT-102 prevents tissue wasting and improves survival in a rat model of severe cancer cachexia J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle Feb 17 2020 [PMID: 32067370] (WB, Rat)
• Hale A, Merchant M, White M Detection and analysis of autophagy in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. Feb 15 2020 [PMID: 32061056] (WB, Alligator)
• Liu ZQ, Liu N, Huang SS et al. NADPH protects against kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity via autophagy-lysosome pathway in rat striatum and primary cortical neurons Toxicology Feb 11 2020 [PMID: 32057834] (WB, Rat)
• Dumas K, Ayachi C, Gilleron J et al. REDD1 deficiency protects against nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet FASEB J. Feb 11 2020 [PMID: 32043636] (WB, Mouse)
• Yang C, Zhu Z, Tong B et al. A stress response p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB202190 promoted TFEB/TFE3-dependent autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis independent of p38 Redox Biology Jan 1 2020 [PMID: 32037305] (WB, Human)
• Jiang X SILAC-based proteomic profiling of the suppression of TGF-beta 1-induced lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation by trehalose Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. Jan 1 2020 [PMID: 32035996]
• Wang R, Zhu Y, Ren C et al. Influenza A virus protein PB1-F2 impairs innate immunity by inducing mitophagy Autophagy Feb 11 2020 [PMID: 32013669]
• Josifovska N, Albert R, Nagymihaly R et al. Resveratrol as Inducer of Autophagy, Pro-Survival, and Anti-Inflammatory Stimuli in Cultured Human RPE Cells Int J Mol Sci Jan 27 2020 [PMID: 32012692] (WB)
• Fischer A, Luersen K, Schultheib G et al. Supplementation with nitrate only modestly affects lipid and glucose metabolism in genetic and dietary-induced murine models of obesity J Clin Biochem Nutr Jan 1 2020 [PMID: 32001953] (WB, Mouse)
• Canivet CM, Bonnafous S, Rousseau D et al. Hepatic FNDC5 is a potential local protective factor against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis Jan 27 2020 [PMID: 32001301] (WB, Mouse)
• Simsek F, Eren E, Bahceci S, Aladag I High PI3K/mTOR and low MAPK/JNK activity results in decreased apoptosis and autophagy in nasal polyposis Braz J Otorhinolaryngol Jan 15 2020 [PMID: 32001208] (IHC-P, Human)
• Joe Y, Chen Y, Park J et al. Cross-talk between CD38 and TTP Is Essential for Resolution of Inflammation during Microbial Sepsis Cell Rep Jan 28 2020 [PMID: 31995750] (WB, Mouse)
• Stefely JA, Zhang Y, Freiberger EC et al. Mass spectrometry proteomics reveals a function for mammalian CALCOCO1 in MTOR-regulated selective autophagy Autophagy Jan 23 2020 [PMID: 31971854] (Human)
• Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang X et al. The autophagic-lysosomal and ubiquitin proteasome systems are simultaneously activated in the skeletal muscle of gastric cancer patients with cachexia Am. J. Clin. Nutr. Jan 22 2020 [PMID: 31968072]
• Jo DS, Park SJ, Kim AK et al. Loss of HSPA9 induces peroxisomal degradation by increasing pexophagy Autophagy Jan 22 2020 [PMID: 31964216] (WB, KD, Human)
• Cotzomi-Ortega I, Rosas-Cruz A, Ramirez-Ramirez D et al. Autophagy Inhibition Induces the Secretion of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) with Autocrine and Paracrine Effects on the Promotion of Malignancy in Breast Cancer Biology (Basel) Jan 18 2020 [PMID: 31963754] (WB, Mouse)
• Enyart DS, Crocker CL, Stansell JR et al. Low-dose caffeine administration increases fatty acid utilization and mitochondrial turnover in C2C12 skeletal myotubes Physiol Rep Jan 1 2020 [PMID: 31960608] (WB, ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Chang KT, Lin YL, Lin CT et al. Neuroprotection in the Acute Stage Enables Functional Recovery Following Repair of Chronic Cervical Root Transection After a 3-Week Delay Neurosurgery Jan 20 2020 [PMID: 31960049] (Rat)
• Ren YZ, Zhang BZ, Zhao XJ, Zhang ZY Resolvin D1 ameliorates cognitive impairment following traumatic brain injury via protecting astrocytic mitochondria J. Neurochem. Jan 17 2020 [PMID: 31951012] (WB, Mouse)
• Delaney JR, Patel CB, Bapat J et al. Autophagy gene haploinsufficiency drives chromosome instability, increases migration, and promotes early ovarian tumors PLoS Genet. Jan 1 2020 [PMID: 31923184] (WB, Human)
• Bragato C, Carra S, Blasevich F et al. Glycogen storage in a zebrafish Pompe disease model is reduced by 3-BrPA treatment Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis Jan 7 2020 [PMID: 31917327] (WB, Zebrafish)
• Hong CJ, Yeon J, Yeo BK et al. Fas-apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 localizes to the lysosome and facilitates autophagosome-lysosome fusion through the LC3 interaction region motif-dependent interaction with LC3 FASEB J. Jan 1 2020 [PMID: 31914609] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Lee DH, Park JS, Lee YS et al. SQSTM1/p62 activates NFE2L2/NRF2 via ULK1-mediated autophagic KEAP1 degradation and protects mouse liver from lipotoxicity Autophagy Jan 10 2020 [PMID: 31913745] (WB, Human, Mouse)
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  Details:
  Citation used the HRP format of this antibody.
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  Details:
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  Details:
  LC3B/MAP1LC3B antibody used in experiments involving HeLa cells for immunofluorescence analysis (ICC-IF, at 1:500 dilution) and Western blotting analysis (WB, at 1:1000 dilution),
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  Details:
  This citation used the HRP version of this antibody.
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  Details:
  This publication used the AF647 conjugated form of this antibody (NB100-2220AF647)
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• Boonhok R, Rachaphaew N, Duangmanee A et al. LAP-like process as an immune mechanism downstream of IFN-gamma in control of the human malaria Plasmodium vivax liver stage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2016 May 16 [PMID: 27185909] (ICC/IF, Human)
  
  Details:
  This publication used the AF647 conjugated form of this antibody (NB100-2220AF647)
• Panda PK, Behera B, Meher BR et al. Abrus agglutinin, a type II ribosome inactivating protein inhibits Akt/PH domain to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated autophagy-dependent cell death. Mol. Carcinog. May 16 2016 [PMID: 27182794] (WB, Human)
• Park SE, Yi HJ, Suh N et al. Inhibition of EHMT2/G9a epigenetically increases the transcription of Beclin-1 via an increase in ROS and activation of NF-kB. Oncotarget. Jun 28 2016 [PMID: 27174920] (WB, Human)
• Song JX, Sun YR, Peluso I et al. A novel curcumin analog binds to and activates TFEB in vitro and in vivo independent of MTOR inhibition. Autophagy. May 12 2016 [PMID: 27172265] (WB, Mouse)
• Pastore N, Brady OA, Diab HI et al. TFEB and TFE3 Cooperate in the Regulation of the Innate Immune Response in Activated Macrophages. Autophagy. May 12 2016 [PMID: 27171064] (WB, Mouse)
• Avagliano L, Massa V, Zullino S et al. Inflammation modulates LC3 expression in human preterm delivery. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. May 16 2016 [PMID: 27125211] (IHC-P, ICC/IF, Human)
• Livingston MJ, Ding HF, Huang S et al. Persistent activation of autophagy in kidney tubular cells promotes renal interstitial fibrosis during unilateral ureteral obstruction. Autophagy. Apr 28 2016 [PMID: 27123926] (WB, Mouse)
• Zhang X, Zhou Y, Xu M, Chen G. Autophagy Is Involved in the Sevoflurane Anesthesia-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction of Aged Rats. PLoS ONE. 2016 Apr 26 [PMID: 27111854] (WB, Rat)
• Tang Y, Fickert P, Trauner M et al. Autophagy Induced by Exogenous Bile Acids is Therapeutic in a Model of Alpha-1-AT Deficiency Liver Disease. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2016 Apr 21 [PMID: 27102560] (WB, Mouse)
• Duan L, Yi M, Chen J et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis EIS gene inhibits macrophage autophagy through up-regulation of IL-10 by increasing the acetylation of histone H3. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2016 May 13 [PMID: 27079235] (WB, Mouse)
• He L, Weber KJ, Schilling JD. Glutamine Modulates Macrophage Lipotoxicity. Nutrients. 2016 Apr 15 [PMID: 27077881] (WB, Mouse)
• Choudhury KR, Bucha S, Baksi S et al. Chaperone-like protein HYPK and its interacting partners augment autophagy. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 2016 Apr 01 [PMID: 27067261] (WB, Mouse)
• Zhou YF, Wang QX, Zhou HY, Chen G. Autophagy activation prevents sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in H4 human neuroglioma cells. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2016 Apr 04 [PMID: 27041458] (WB, Human)
• Wang Z, Du T, Dong X et al. Autophagy inhibition facilitates erlotinib cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells through modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int. J. Oncol. 2016 Apr 01 [PMID: 27035631]
• Lopes VR, Loitto V, Audinot JN et al. Dose-dependent autophagic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human HaCaT cells at non-cytotoxic levels. J Nanobiotechnology 2016 Mar 22 [PMID: 27001369] (WB)
• Fritzen AM, Frosig C, Jeppesen J et al. Role of AMPK in regulation of LC3 lipidation as a marker of autophagy in skeletal muscle Cell. Signal. Mar 12 2016 [PMID: 26976209] (WB, Mouse)
• Wang G, Liu X, Gaertig MA et al. Ablation of huntingtin in adult neurons is nondeleterious but its depletion in young mice causes acute pancreatitis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Mar 21 [PMID: 26951659] (WB, Mouse)
• Cheong JW, Kim Y, Eom JI et al. Enhanced autophagy in cytarabine arabinoside-resistant U937 leukemia cells and its potential as a target for overcoming resistance. Mol Med Rep 2016 Apr [PMID: 26935591] (WB)
• Tanaka Y, Nonaka T, Suzuki G et al. Gain-of-function profilin 1 mutations linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cause seed-dependent intracellular TDP-43 aggregation. Hum Mol Genet 2016 Apr 1 [PMID: 26908597]
• Berezhnov AV, Soutar MP, Fedotova EI et al. Intracellular pH Modulates Autophagy and Mitophagy. J Biol Chem 2016 Apr 15 [PMID: 26893374]
• Liu Y, Wang X, Wang J et al. Graphene Oxide Attenuates the Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of PCB 52 via Activation of Genuine Autophagy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016 Feb 23 [PMID: 26876502] (WB, ICC/IF)
• Liu Y, Takahashi Y, Desai N et al. Bif-1 deficiency impairs lipid homeostasis and causes obesity accompanied by insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2016 Feb 09 [PMID: 26857140] (ELISA)
• Wu X, Fleming A, Ricketts T et al. Autophagy regulates Notch degradation and modulates stem cell development and neurogenesis. Nat Commun. 2016 Feb 03 [PMID: 26837467] (WB, Human)
• Gentry EG, Henderson BW, Arrant AE et al. Rho Kinase Inhibition as a Therapeutic for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Degeneration. J Neurosci 2016 Jan 27 [PMID: 26818518] (WB)
• Button RW, Vincent JH, Strang CJ, Luo S Dual PI-3 kinase/mTOR inhibition impairs autophagy flux and induces cell death independent of apoptosis and necroptosis. Oncotarget 2016 Feb 2 [PMID: 26814436] (ICC/IF)
• Wei J, Long L, Yang K et al. Autophagy enforces functional integrity of regulatory T cells by coupling environmental cues and metabolic homeostasis. Nat Immunol 2016 Mar [PMID: 26808230]
• Urtasun R, Elizalde M, Azkona M et al. Splicing regulator SLU7 preserves survival of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and other solid tumors via oncogenic miR-17-92 cluster expression. Oncogene 2016 Sep 08 [PMID: 26804174]
• Tian T, Sun Y, Wu H et al. Acupuncture promotes mTOR-independent autophagic clearance of aggregation-prone proteins in mouse brain. Sci Rep. 2016 Jan 21 [PMID: 26792101] (WB, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  LC3 antibody was used for WB analysis of lysates from the substantia nigra par compacta /SNpc of the brain from control group (Saline), the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/MPTP-treated PD mice, the acupuncture group stimulated at the acupoint GB34, the sham acupuncture group stimulated at the control point, and the rapamycin treatment group (Figure 3a).
• Yang L, Licastro D, Cava E et al. Long-Term Calorie Restriction Enhances Cellular Quality-Control Processes in Human Skeletal Muscle. Cell Rep. 2016 Jan 26 [PMID: 26774472] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3B/MAP1LC3B antibody was used for Western Blot analysis of human skeletal muscle tissues from Individuals on Western diet/WD or calorie restriction/CR Diet (Figure 3).
• Bourdenx M, Daniel J, Genin E et al. Nanoparticles restore lysosomal acidification defects: Implications for Parkinson and other lysosomal-related diseases Autophagy. 2016 Jan 12 [PMID: 26761717] (WB, Human)
• Mukherjee R, Chakrabarti O. Ubiquitin mediated regulation of the E3 ligase GP78 by Mahogunin in trans affects mitochondrial homeostasis. J. Cell. Sci. 2016 Jan 07 [PMID: 26743086] (WB, Human)
• Kraft LJ, Manral P, Dowler J et al. Nuclear LC3 associates with slowly diffusing complexes that survey the nucleolus. Traffic. 2016 Jan 05 [PMID: 26728248] (WB, Human)
• Masuda GO, Yashiro M, Kitayama K et al. Clinicopathological Correlations of Autophagy-related Proteins LC3, Beclin 1 and p62 in Gastric Cancer. Anticancer Res. 2016 Jan 01 [PMID: 26722036] (IHC-P, Human)
• Buzgariu W, Al Haddad S, Tomczyk S et al. Multi-functionality and plasticity characterize epithelial cells in Hydra. Tissue Barriers 2015 Oct-Dec [PMID: 26716072]
• Yuan R, Geng S, Chen K et al. Low-grade inflammatory polarization of monocytes impairs wound healing J Pathol 2015 Dec 22 [PMID: 26690561] (ICC/IF, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  This citation used the Alexa Fluor 488 version of this antibody.
• Lee E, Lee CG, Yim JH et al. Ramalin-Mediated Apoptosis Is Enhanced by Autophagy Inhibition in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Phytother Res. 2015 Dec 17 [PMID: 26676298] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3B antibody was used for WB analysis of lysates from human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells which were treated or not with Ramalin, a chemical compound from the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata which is known to exhibit antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities.
• Avagliano L, Doi P, Tosi D et al. Cell death and cell proliferation in human spina bifida. Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 2015 Dec 10 [PMID: 26663582] (IHC-P, Mouse)
• Stotland A, Gottlieb RA. alpha-MHC MitoTimer mouse: In vivo mitochondrial turnover model reveals remarkable mitochondrial heterogeneity in the heart. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2015 Dec 02 [PMID: 26654779] (ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Fritzen AM, Madsen AB, Kleinert M et al. Regulation of autophagy in human skeletal muscle - Effects of exercise, exercise training and insulin stimulation. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 2015 Nov 28 [PMID: 26614120] (WB, Human)
• Zhang J, Zhou W, Lin J et al. Autophagic lysosomal reformation depends on mTOR reactivation in H2O2-induced autophagy. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2015 Nov 14 [PMID: 26589722] (ICC/IF, Human)
• Park YS, Park JH, Ko J et al. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin protects against deltamethrin-induced apoptosis in PC12 Cells. Environ. Toxicol. 2015 Nov 21 [PMID: 26588882] (WB, ICC/IF, Rat)
• Chandra P, Ghanwat S, Matta SK et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits RAB7 Recruitment to Selectively Modulate Autophagy Flux in Macrophages. Sci Rep. 2015 Nov 06 [PMID: 26541268] (ICC/IF, Human)
• Majumder P, Chakrabarti O. Mahogunin regulates fusion between amphisomes/MVBs and lysosomes via ubiquitination of TSG101. Cell Death Dis. 2015 Nov 06 [PMID: 26539917] (WB, Human)
• Lin CL, Cheng YS, Li HH et al. Amyloid-beta suppresses AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and contributes to alpha-synuclein-induced cytotoxicity. Exp Neurol 2016 Jan [PMID: 26515689]
• Lin CW, Chen YS, Lin CC et al. Amiodarone as an autophagy promoter reduces liver injury and enhances liver regeneration and survival in mice after partial hepatectomy. Sci Rep. 2015 Oct 30 [PMID: 26515640] (WB, Mouse)
• Jiang Q, Li RP, Tang Y et al. Bakkenolide-IIIa Protects Against Cerebral Damage Via Inhibiting NF-kB Activation. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2015 Oct 28 [PMID: 26511680] (WB, Rat)
• Mahli A, Thasler WE, Patsenker E et al. Identification of cytochrome CYP2E1 as critical mediator of synergistic effects of alcohol and cellular lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in vitro. Oncotarget 2015 Dec 8 [PMID: 26497211]
• Venant H, Rahmaniyan M, Jones EE et al. The Sphingosine Kinase 2 Inhibitor ABC294640 Reduces the Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells and Results in Accumulation of Dihydroceramides In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2015 Dec [PMID: 26494858]
• Lytvynchuk L, Sergienko A, Lavrenchuk G, Petrovski G Antiproliferative, Apoptotic, and Autophagic Activity of Ranibizumab, Bevacizumab, Pegaptanib, and Aflibercept on Fibroblasts: Implication for Choroidal Neovascularization. J Ophthalmol 2015 Sep 27 [PMID: 26491557]
• Jo DS, Bae DJ, Park SJ et al. Pexophagy is induced by increasing peroxisomal reactive oxygen species in 1'10-phenanthroline-treated cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015 Nov 13 [PMID: 26453011]
• Chandrika BB, Yang C, Ou Y et al. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Autophagy Provides Cytoprotection from Chemical Hypoxia and Oxidant Injury and Ameliorates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 2015 [PMID: 26444017] (ICC/IF)
• Fan XY, Tian C, Wang H et al. Activation of the AMPK-ULK1 pathway plays an important role in autophagy during prion infection. Sci Rep 2015 [PMID: 26423766]
• Delaney JR, Patel C, McCabe KE et al. A strategy to combine pathway-targeted low toxicity drugs in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2015 Oct 13 [PMID: 26418751] (WB)
• Wei PF, Jin PP, Barui AK et al. Differential ERK activation during autophagy induced by europium hydroxide nanorods and trehalose: Maximum clearance of huntingtin aggregates through combined treatment. Biomaterials 2015 Sep 11 [PMID: 26409001] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Sorrell SL, Golder ZJ, Johnstone DB, Karet Frankl FE. Renal peroxiredoxin 6 interacts with anion exchanger 1 and plays a novel role in pH homeostasis. Kidney Int. 2015 Sep 23 [PMID: 26398495] (IHC-P, Mouse)
• Granato M, Santarelli R, Filardi M et al. The activation of KSHV lytic cycle blocks autophagy in PEL cells. Autophagy 2015 Sep 21 [PMID: 26391343] (WB, Human)
• Koukourakis MI, Kalamida D, Giatromanolaki A et al. Autophagosome Proteins LC3A, LC3B and LC3C Have Distinct Subcellular Distribution Kinetics and Expression in Cancer Cell Lines. PLoS ONE 2015 Sep 18 [PMID: 26378792] (WB, Human)
• Du TT, Wang L, Duan CL et al. GBA deficiency promotes SNCA/a-synuclein accumulation through autophagic inhibition by inactivated PPP2A. Autophagy 2015 Sep 17 [PMID: 26378614] (WB, Mouse)
• Keatinge M, Bui H, Menke A et al. Glucocerebrosidase 1 deficient Danio rerio mirror key pathological aspects of human Gaucher disease and provide evidence of early microglial activation preceding alpha-synuclein-independent neuronal cell death. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2015 Sep 16 [PMID: 26376862] (WB, Zebrafish)
• Pellegrini C, Columbaro M, Capanni C et al. All-trans retinoic acid and rapamycin normalize Hutchinson Gilford progeria fibroblast phenotype. Oncotarget 2015 Oct 6 [PMID: 26359359] (WB)
• You Dalsan, Kim Yunlim, Jang Myoung Jin et al. KML001 Induces Apoptosis and Autophagic Cell Death in Prostate Cancer Cells via Oxidative Stress Pathway. PloS One 2015 [PMID: 26352139] (WB, Mouse)
• Granato M, Gilardini Montani MS, Filardi M et al. Capsaicin triggers immunogenic PEL cell death, stimulates DCs and reverts PEL-induced immune suppression. Oncotarget 2015 Oct 6 [PMID: 26338963]
• Sibony Michal, Abdullah Majd, Greenfield Laura et al. Microbial Disruption of Autophagy Alters Expression of the RISC Component AGO2, a Critical Regulator of the miRNA Silencing Pathway. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2015 [PMID: 26332312] (WB, Mouse)
• Chen CM, Syu JP, Way TD et al. BC3EE2,9B, a synthetic carbazole derivative, upregulates autophagy and synergistically sensitizes human GBM8901 glioblastoma cells to temozolomide. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2015 Sep 01 [PMID: 26329365] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3 antiboldy was used for WB and ICC-IF assays in experiments involving BC3EE2,9B, a synthetic carbazole derivative, effects on glioblastoma cell lines GBM8901 and GBM8401, and human normal skin cell line Detroit 551 cells.
• Tsukahara T, Haniu H. The PTB-Associated Splicing Factor/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Axis Regulates Autophagosome Formation in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells BioResearch Open Access 2015 Jul 02 [PMID: 26309807] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3 antibody was used for WB on lysates of human pancreatic cancer cells lines MIA-PaCa-2 and Panc-1 that were subjected to treatoments ith control siRNA or PSF siRNA (Figure 3C). WB was also performed on Panc-1 cells transfected with a pcDNA3.1 empty vector or vector containing PSF (Figure 3D).
• Pal I, Parida S, Prashanth Kumar BN et al. Blockade of autophagy enhances proapoptotic potential of BI-69A11, a novel Akt inhibitor, in colon carcinoma. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015 Aug 22 [PMID: 26306675] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Yadav RK, Lee GH, Lee HY et al. TMBIM6 (transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 6) Enhances Autophagy and Reduces Renal Dysfunction in a Cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity model. Autophagy. 2015 Aug 25 [PMID: 26305401] (WB, Human)
• Moreau K, Ghislat G, Hochfeld W et al. Transcriptional regulation of Annexin A2 promotes starvation-induced autophagy. Nat Commun. 2015 Aug 20 [PMID: 26289944] (WB, Human, Mouse)
• El-Mashed S, O'Donovan TR, Kay EW et al. LC3B globular structures correlate with survival in esophageal adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2015 Aug 12 [PMID: 26265176] (IHC-P, Human)
• Li T, Sun KJ, Wang HD et al. Tert-butylhydroquinone Ameliorates Early Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice by Enhancing Nrf2-Independent Autophagy. Neurochem. Res. 2015 Sep 01 [PMID: 26260377] (WB, Mouse)
• Lee YH, Chen HY, Su LJ, Chueh PJ. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) Deacetylase Activity and NAD(+)/NADH Ratio Are Imperative for Capsaicin-Mediated Programmed Cell Death. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015 Aug 26 [PMID: 26255724] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3 antibody was use for WB on lysates of MRC-5 normal human foetal lung fibroblast cells and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell line A549 that were treated or not with Capsaicin or ethanol.
• Yakoub AM, Shukla D. Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex Virus-2 Infection. Sci Rep. 2015 Aug 07 [PMID: 26248741] (WB, Human)
• Triplett JC, Tramutola A, Swomley A et al. Age-related changes in the proteostasis network in the brain of the naked mole-rat: Implications promoting healthy longevity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2015 Oct 01 [PMID: 26248058] (WB, Rat)
  
  Details:
  LC3B/MAP1LC3B antibody was used for WB detection of LC3-I and LC3-II in brain tissues from naked mole-rats of different different age groups (Fig. 8 ).
• Xiong X, Wu M, Zhang H et al. Atg5 siRNA inhibits autophagy and enhances norcantharidin-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Oncol. 2015 Jul 24 [PMID: 26240015] (WB, Human)
• Streeter A, Menzies FM, Rubinsztein DC. LC3-II Tagging and Western Blotting for Monitoring Autophagic Activity in Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 2015 Aug 03 [PMID: 26235065] (WB, Human)
• Ngoh EN, Brugger HK, Monajemi M et al. The Crohn's disease-associated polymorphism in ATG16L1 (rs2241880) reduces SHIP gene expression and activity in human subjects. Genes Immun. 2015 Jul 30 [PMID: 26226011] (WB, Human, Mouse)
• Matta SK, Kumar D et al. AKT mediated glycolytic shift regulates autophagy in classically activated macrophages Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2015 Jul 26 [PMID: 26222186] (WB, Mouse)
• Chesser AS, Ganeshan V, Yang J, Johnson GV et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances clearance of phosphorylated tau in primary neurons Nutr Neurosci. 2015 Jul 24 [PMID: 26207957]
• Wu HM, Jiang ZF, Ding PS et al. Hypoxia-induced autophagy mediates cisplatin resistance in lung cancer cells Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 23 [PMID: 26201611] (WB, Human)
• Granato M, Chiozzi B, Filardi MR et al. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG490 triggers both apoptosis and autophagy by reducing HSF1 and Mcl-1 in PEL cells Cancer Lett. 2015 Jul 01 [PMID: 26184999] (WB, Human)
• Herpin A, Englberger E, Zehner M et al. Defective autophagy through epg5 mutation results in failure to reduce germ plasm and mitochondria. FASEB J 2015 Oct [PMID: 26183773]
• Wang IK, Sun KT, Tsai TH et al. MiR-20a-5p mediates hypoxia-induced autophagy by targeting ATG16L1 in ischemic kidney injury Life Sci. 2015 Jul 10 [PMID: 26165754] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Shin JH, Bae DJ, Kim ES et al. Autophagy Regulates Formation of Primary Cilia in Mefloquine-Treated Cells Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2015 Jul 01 [PMID: 26157548] (WB, Human)
• Schiattarella GG, Cerulo G, De Pasquale V et al. The Murine Model of Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB Develops Cardiopathies over Time Leading to Heart Failure PLoS ONE. 2015 Jul 07 [PMID: 26147524] (WB, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  LC3 antibody was used for WB analysis of heart/cardiac tissue lysates from WT and alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase(NAGLU) -/- mice (Fig 6).
• Agarwal S, Tiwari SK, Seth B et al. Activation of autophagic flux against xenoestrogen Bisphenol-A induced hippocampal neurodegeneration via AMPK/mTOR pathways J. Biol. Chem. 2015 Jul 02 [PMID: 26139607] (WB, Rat)
• Hrabeta J, Groh T, Khalil MA et al. Vacuolar-ATPase-mediated intracellular sequestration of ellipticine contributes to drug resistance in neuroblastoma cells Int. J. Oncol. 2015 Jun 29 [PMID: 26134421] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3 antibody was used for WB assay in experiments involving ellipticine-resistant UKF-NB-4ELLI cell line and its parental ellipticine-sensitive human neuroblastoma UKF-NB-4 cell line.
• Lee HO, Mustafa A, Hudes GR, Kruger WD. Hydroxychloroquine Destabilizes Phospho-S6 in Human Renal Carcinoma Cells PLoS ONE 2015 Jul 03 [PMID: 26134285] (WB, Human)
• Campbell GR, Rawat P, Bruckman RS, Spector SA. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Inhibits Autophagy through Transcription Factor EB Sequestration PLoS Pathog. 2015 Jun 01 [PMID: 26115100] (WB, Human)
• Godar RJ, Ma X, Liu H et al. Repetitive stimulation of autophagy-lysosome machinery by intermittent fasting preconditions the myocardium to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Autophagy 2015 [PMID: 26103523] (WB)
• Liu KE, Frazier WA. Phosphorylation of the BNIP3 C-Terminus Inhibits Mitochondrial Damage and Cell Death without Blocking Autophagy PLoS ONE. 2015 Jun 24 [PMID: 26102349] (WB, Human)
• Zhang L, Ding K, Wang H et al. Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis is Reduced Through Modulation of PI3K and Autophagy Pathways in Mouse by FTY720 Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2015 Jun 23 [PMID: 26099903] (WB, Mouse)
• He B, Zhang N, Zhao R. Dexamethasone Downregulates SLC7A5 Expression and Promotes Cell Cycle Arrest, Autophagy and Apoptosis in BeWo Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016 Jan [PMID: 26094588]
• Shelby Shameka J, Angadi Pavan S, Zheng Qiong-Duon et al. Hypoxia inducible factor 1a contributes to regulation of autophagy in retinal detachment. Experimental Eye Research 2015 [PMID: 26093278] (IHC, Rat)
• Cheng D, Weckerle A, Yu Y et al. Biogenesis and cytotoxicity of APOL1 renal-risk variant proteins in hepatocytes and hepatoma cells J. Lipid Res. 2015 Jun 18 [PMID: 26089538]
• Park S, Choi SG, Yoo SM et al. Pyruvate stimulates mitophagy via PINK1 stabilization. Cell Signal 2015 Jun 9 [PMID: 26071202]
• Guo ML, Liao K, Periyasamy P et al. Cocaine-mediated microglial activation involves the ER stress-autophagy axis. Autophagy 2015 [PMID: 26043790] (WB)
• Zhang R, Li Y, Wang Z et al. Interference with HMGB1 increases the sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs by inhibiting HMGB1-mediated cell autophagy and inducing cell apoptosis. Tumour Biol 2015 Jun 4 [PMID: 26040768]
• Teng AC, Miyake T, Yokoe S et al. Metformin increases degradation of phospholamban via autophagy in cardiomyocytes Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Jun 08 [PMID: 26040000] (WB, Human)
• Dangi A, Huang C, Tandon A et al. Endotoxin-Stimulated Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells Induce Autophagy in Hepatocytes as a Survival Mechanism. J Cell Physiol 2015 May 29 [PMID: 26031389] (Rat)
• Li L, Wang X, Wang L et al. Mammalian target of rapamycin overexpression antagonizes chronic hypoxia-triggered pulmonary arterial hypertension via the autophagic pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015 Jul [PMID: 26017061]
• Sun T, Li X, Zhang P et al. Acetylation of Beclin 1 inhibits autophagosome maturation and promotes tumour growth. Nat Commun. 2015 May 26 [PMID: 26008601] (WB, Human)
• Namkoong S, Lee KI, Lee JI et al. The integral membrane protein ITM2A, a transcriptional target of PKA-CREB, regulates autophagic flux via interaction with the vacuolar ATPase. Autophagy. 2015 May 04 [PMID: 25951193] (WB, Human)
• Mintern JD, Macri C, Chin WJ et al. Differential use of autophagy by primary dendritic cells specialised in cross-presentation. Autophagy. 2015 May 07 [PMID: 25950899] (WB, Human, Mouse)
• Jung R, Choi JH, Lee HJ et al. Effect of Immortalization-Upregulated Protein-2 (IMUP-2) on Cell Death of Trophoblast. Balsaenggwa Saengsig 2013 Jun [PMID: 25949126]
• Kim Y, Kang YS, Lee NY et al. Uvrag targeting by Mir125a and Mir351 modulates autophagy associated with Ewsr1 deficiency. Autophagy. 2015 May 04 [PMID: 25946189] (WB, Mouse)
• Gavilan E, Giraldez S, Sanchez-Aguayo I et al. Breast cancer cell line MCF7 escapes from G1/S arrest induced by proteasome inhibition through a GSK-3B dependent mechanism. Sci Rep. 2015 May 05 [PMID: 25941117] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Carson CC, Moschos SJ, Edmiston SN et al. IL2 Inducible T-cell Kinase, a Novel Therapeutic Target in Melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2015 May 01 [PMID: 25934889] (WB, Human)
• Shibuya Y, Niu Z, Bryleva EY et al. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 blockage enhances autophagy in the neurons of triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse and reduces human P301L-tau content at the presymptomatic stage Neurobiol. Aging 2015 [PMID: 25930235] (WB, Mouse)
• Yao J, Zheng K, Li C et al. Interference of Notch1 inhibits the growth of glioma cancer cells by inducing cell autophagy and down-regulation of Notch1-Hes-1 signaling pathway. Med. Oncol. 2015 May 01 [PMID: 25920606] (WB, Human)
• Laguna A, Schintu N, Nobre A et al. Dopaminergic control of autophagic-lysosomal function implicates Lmx1b in Parkinson's disease Nat. Neurosci. 2015 Apr 27 [PMID: 25915474] (WB, Mouse)
• Wang S, Livingston MJ, Su Y, Dong, Z. Reciprocal regulation of cilia and autophagy via the MTOR and proteasome pathways Autophagy 2015 Apr 23 [PMID: 25906314] (WB, Human)
• Cabrera S, Maciel M, Herrera I et al. Essential role for the ATG4B protease and autophagy in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis Autophagy 2015 Apr 23 [PMID: 25906080] (ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Watkin LB, Jessen B, Wiszniewski W et al. COPA mutations impair ER-Golgi transport and cause hereditary autoimmune-mediated lung disease and arthritis Nat. Genet. 2015 Apr 20 [PMID: 25894502] (IHC, Human)
• Yakoub AM, Shukla D. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Fine-Tunes Host's Autophagic Response to Infection: A Comprehensive Analysis in Productive Infection Models PLoS ONE 2015 Apr 21 [PMID: 25894397] (WB, Human)
• Yakoub AM, Shukla D. Autophagy Stimulation Abrogates Herpes simplex Virus-1 Infection Sci Rep 2015 Apr 10 [PMID: 25856282] (WB, Human, Mouse)
• Kett LR, Stiller B, Bernath MM et al. alpha-Synuclein-Independent Histopathological and Motor Deficits in Mice Lacking the Endolysosomal Parkinsonism Protein Atp13a2 J. Neurosci. 2015 Apr 08 [PMID: 25855184] (WB, Mouse)
• Jimenez-Sanchez M, Lam W, Hannus M et al. siRNA screen identifies QPCT as a druggable target for Huntington's disease. Nat Chem Biol 2015 May [PMID: 25848931]
• Tam BT, Pei XM, Yu AP et al. Autophagic adaptation is associated with exercise-induced fibre-type shifting in skeletal muscle Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015 Apr 06 [PMID: 25847142] (IHC-Fr, WB, Rat)
• Chandler HL, Gervais KJ, Lutz EA et al. Cyclosporine A prevents ex vivo PCO formation through induction of autophagy-mediated cell death Exp. Eye Res. 2015 Mar 31 [PMID: 25839646] (WB, IHC, Canine)
• Yue M, Hinkle KM, Davies P et al. Progressive dopaminergic alterations and mitochondrial abnormalities in LRRK2 G2019S knock-in mice Neurobiol. Dis. 2015 Mar 31 [PMID: 25836420] (WB, Mouse)
• Gonnella R, Granato M, Farina A et al. PKC theta and p38 MAPK activate the EBV lytic cycle through autophagy induction. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2015 Mar 27 [PMID: 25827954] (WB, Human)
• Liu S, Li X. Autophagy inhibition enhances sensitivity of endometrial carcinoma cells to paclitaxel Int. J. Oncol. 2015 Jun 01 [PMID: 25825088] (WB, Human)
• Van Nostrand JL, Brisac A, Mello SS et al. The p53 Target Gene Siva Enables Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Development Cancer Discov 2015 Mar 26 [PMID: 25813352] (WB, Mouse)
• Roux C, Aligny C, Lesueur C et al. NMDA receptor blockade in the developing cortex induces autophagy-mediated death of immature cortical GABAergic interneurons: An ex vivo and in vivo study in Gad67-GFP mice. Exp. Neurol. 2015 Mar 17 [PMID: 25795167] (WB, Mouse)
• Labouba I, Poisson A, Lafontaine J et al. The RelB alternative NF-kappaB subunit promotes autophagy in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells in vitro and affects mouse xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Cell Int 2014 [PMID: 25788857] (WB, Mouse)
• Suarez G, Romero-Gallo J, Piazuelo MB et al. Modification of Helicobacter pylori Peptidoglycan Enhances NOD1 Activation and Promotes Cancer of the Stomach Cancer Res. 2015 Mar 02 [PMID: 25732381] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3B/MAP1LC3B antibody used for WB on lysates of gastric adenocarcinoma cell line namely AGS cells co-cultured or not with Helicobacter pylori ( WT strain 7.13 or its pgdA- mutant ). The WB assay involved 12% SDS-PAGE gel, protein transfer to PVDF membrane, blocking of membranes with 1% BSA, incubation with primary antibody at 1:500 dilution for 1 hour and detection with anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated secondary - ECL method (Figure 2B)
• She T, Qu L, Wang L et al. Sarsaparilla (Smilax Glabra Rhizome) Extract Inhibits Cancer Cell Growth by S Phase Arrest, Apoptosis and Autophagy via Redox-dependent ERK1/2 Pathway Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015 Mar 02 [PMID: 25732255] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3B/MAP1LC3B antibody used for WB on lysates of human stomach/gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS and human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 treated or not with supernatant of the water-soluble extract of Sarsaparilla/SW (Smilax Glabra Rhizome). WB also performed on lysates of these cells treated with SW and/or GSH, U0126 (selective inhibitor of both MEK1 and MEK2) or PD98059 (selective inhibitor of MAPK/ERK kinase).
• Medina DL, Di Paola S, Peluso I et al. Lysosomal calcium signalling regulates autophagy through calcineurin and TFEB Nat. Cell Biol. 2015 Feb 27 [PMID: 25720963] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Hsuan SW, Chyau CC, Hung HY et al. The induction of apoptosis and autophagy by Wasabia japonica extract in colon cancer Eur J Nutr 2015 Feb 27 [PMID: 25720497] (WB, Human)
• Pedro JM, Wei Y, Sica V et al. BAX and BAK1 are dispensable for ABT-737-induced dissociation of the BCL2-BECN1 complex and autophagy Autophagy. 2015 Feb 25 [PMID: 25715028] (IP, Mouse)
• Ulbricht A, Gehlert S, Leciejewski B et al. Induction and adaptation of chaperone-assisted selective autophagy CASA in response to resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle Autophagy. 2015 Feb 25 [PMID: 25714469] (IHC, Human)
• Sanjurjo L, Amezaga N, Aran G et al. The human CD5L/AIM-CD36 axis: A novel autophagy inducer in macrophages that modulates inflammatory responses Autophagy. 2015 Feb 25 [PMID: 25713983] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Chen JH, Zhang P, Chen WD et al. ATM-mediated PTEN phosphorylation promotes PTEN nuclear translocation and autophagy in response to DNA-damaging agents in cancer cells Autophagy. 2015 Feb 20 [PMID: 25701194] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Jabir MS, Hopkins L, Ritchie ND et al. Mitochondrial damage contributes to Pseudomonas aeruginosa activation of the inflammasome and is downregulated by autophagy. Autophagy 2015 [PMID: 25700738] (WB)
• Kim ES, Shin JH, Park SJ et al. Inhibition of autophagy suppresses sertraline-mediated primary ciliogenesis in retinal pigment epithelium cells PLoS ONE. 2015 Feb 12 [PMID: 25671433] (WB, Human)
• Kommaddi RP, Jean-Charles PY, Shenoy SK. Phosphorylation of the deubiquitinase USP20 by Protein Kinase A regulates post-endocytic trafficking of beta 2 adrenergic receptors to autophagosomes during physiological stress J. Biol. Chem. 2015 Feb 09 [PMID: 25666616] (WB, Human)
• Ito S, Tanaka Y, Oshino R et al. GADD34 inhibits activation-induced apoptosis of macrophages through enhancement of autophagy Sci Rep. 2015 Feb 09 [PMID: 25659802] (WB, Mouse)
• Lin HH. In Vitro and in Vivo Atheroprotective Effects of Gossypetin against Endothelial Cell Injury by Induction of Autophagy. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 Jan 29 [PMID: 25622137]
• Yuan N, Song L, Lin W et al. Autophagy collaborates with ubiquitination to downregulate oncoprotein E2A/Pbx1 in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Cancer J. 2015 Jan 24 [PMID: 25615280] (WB, Mouse)
• Yang M, Liu L, Xie M et al. Poly-ADP-ribosylation of HMGB1 regulates TNFSF10/TRAIL resistance through autophagy Autophagy. 2015 Jan 21 [PMID: 25607248]
• Yan Y, Jiang W, Liu L et al. Dopamine Controls Systemic Inflammation through Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome Cell. 2015 Jan 15 [PMID: 25594175] (WB, Mouse)
• Baker B, Geng S, Chen K et al. Alteration of lysosome fusion and low-grade inflammation mediated by super-low dose endotoxin. J Biol Chem 2015 Jan 13 [PMID: 25586187] (IHC, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  Using the Alexa Fluor (R) 488 conjugated version of NB100-2220, catalog number NB100-2220AF488.
• Xu Y, Tian C, Sun J et al. FBXW7-Induced MTOR Degradation Forces Autophagy to Counteract Persistent Prion Infection Mol. Neurobiol. 2015 Jan 13 [PMID: 25579381] (WB, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  LC3B/MAP1LC3B antibody used for WB on SMB-PS and SMB-S15 cell lines (murine cell line, persistent prion infection/scrapie-infected) - data is shown in Fig 1a and higher levels of LC3II were observed in SMB-S15 cells compared to SMB-P.
• Maycotte P, Jones KL, Goodall ML et al. Autophagy Supports Breast Cancer Stem Cell Maintenance by Regulating IL6 Secretion. Mol Cancer Res 2015 Apr [PMID: 25573951]
• Liu S, Sarkar C, Dinizo M et al. Disrupted autophagy after spinal cord injury is associated with ER stress and neuronal cell death. Cell Death Dis 2015 [PMID: 25569099] (Rat)
• Bueno M, Lai Y, Romero Y et al. PINK1 deficiency impairs mitochondrial homeostasis and promotes lung fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 2014 Dec 22 [PMID: 25562319] (IHC, Mouse)
• Sykora P, Misiak M, Wang Y et al. DNA polymerase b deficiency leads to neurodegeneration and exacerbates Alzheimer disease phenotypes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Dec 30 [PMID: 25552414] (WB, Mouse)
• Sampaolo S, Esposito T, Gianfrancesco F et al. A novel GBE1 mutation and features of polyglucosan bodies autophagy in adult polyglucosan body disease. Neuromuscular Disorders 2014 Nov 18 [PMID: 25544507]
• Campbell GR, Bruckman RS, Chu Y, Spector SA. Autophagy Induction by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Inhibits HIV Type 1. J. Biol. Chem. 2014 Dec 24 [PMID: 25540204] (WB, Human)
• Suarez Christopher D, Deng Xuehong, Hu Chang-Deng. Targeting CREB inhibits radiation-induced neuroendocrine differentiation and increases radiation-induced cell death in prostate cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res. 2014 Nov 19 [PMID: 25520873] (WB)
• Krishnaswamy S, Lin Y, Rajamohamedsait WJ et al. Antibody-derived in vivo imaging of tau pathology. J. Neurosci. 2014 Dec 10 [PMID: 25505335] (IHC, Mouse)
• Cossette SM, Gastonguay AJ, Bao X et al. Sucrose non-fermenting related kinase enzyme is essential for cardiac metabolism. Biol Open. 2014 Dec 12 [PMID: 25505152] (WB, Mouse)
• Johnson CE, Hunt DK, Wiltshire M et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death in mTORC1-overactive cells is induced by nelfinavir and enhanced by chloroquine. Mol Oncol. 2014 Nov 22 [PMID: 25498902] (WB, Human)
• Varga M, Fodor E, Vellai T. Autophagy in zebrafish. Methods. 2014 Dec 09 [PMID: 25498006] (WB, Zebrafish)
• Raval KK, Tao R, White BE et al. Pompe disease results in a Golgi-based glycosylation deficit in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2014 Dec 08 [PMID: 25488666] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3B/MAP1LC3B antibody used for WB and ICC-IF in experiments involving human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes.
• Sun KT, Chen MY, Tu MG et al. MicroRNA-20a regulates autophagy related protein-ATG16L1 in hypoxia-induced osteoclast differentiation. Bone. 2014 Dec 05 [PMID: 25485521] (WB, ICC/IF, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  LC3 antibody used in WB and ICC-IF on RAW264.7 cells subjected to RANKL and M-CSF mediated osteoclast differentiation as well as hypoxic stress (Fig. 1B and 1E ). WB also performed on RAW264.7 cells transduced with miR-20a mimics or antagomiR, and Bafiliomycin under hypoxia (Fig. 3B)
• Mitter SK, Song C, Qi X et al. Dysregulated autophagy in the RPE is associated with increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and AMD. Autophagy 2014 [PMID: 25484094] (WB)
• Sarkar C, Zhao Z, Aungst S et al. Impaired autophagy flux is associated with neuronal cell death after traumatic brain injury. Autophagy 2014 [PMID: 25484084] (WB)
• Lin J, Huang Z, Wu H et al. Inhibition of autophagy enhances the anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles. Autophagy 2014 [PMID: 25484080] (WB)
• Lu Y, Dong S, Hao B et al. Vacuolin-1 potently and reversibly inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion by activating RAB5A. Autophagy 2014 Oct 30 [PMID: 25483964] (WB)
• Park S, Choi SG, Yoo SM et al. Choline dehydrogenase interacts with SQSTM1/p62 to recruit LC3 and stimulate mitophagy. Autophagy 2014 Oct 30 [PMID: 25483962] (WB)
• Weng Z, Luo Y, Yang X et al. Regorafenib impairs mitochondrial functions, activates AMP-activated protein kinase, induces autophagy, and causes rat hepatocyte necrosis. Toxicology. 2014 Nov 06 [PMID: 25445804]
• Clark O, Park I, Di Florio A et al. Oxovanadium-based inhibitors can drive redox-sensitive cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma cells and synergise strongly with buthionine sulfoximine. Cancer Lett. 2014 Nov 20 [PMID: 25444896] (WB, Human)
• Ohia-Nwoko O, Montazari S, Lau YS, Eriksen JL. Long-term treadmill exercise attenuates tau pathology in P301S tau transgenic mice. Mol Neurodegener. 2014 Dec 16 [PMID: 25432085] (WB, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  LC3B/MAP1LC3B antibody used for WB at 1:500 dilution on lysates of spinal cord, cortex, and hippocampus from sedentary and exercised non-transgenic mice or P301S tau transgenic mice (expresses human tau /1N4R with a P301S mutation). Figure 7B shows the LC3 levels in spinal cord and cortex/hippocampus of various groups - P301S or non-transgenic mice in the sfrom exercised (Tg-EX) and sedentary (Tg-SED) P301S mice along with their non-transgenic exercised (NTg-EX) and sedentary (NTg-SED) counterparts.
• Schloesser A, Campbell G, Gluer Cc et al. Restriction on an energy dense diet improves markers of metabolic health and cellular ageing in mice through decreasing hepatic mTOR activity. Rejuvenation Res. 2014 Nov 18 [PMID: 25405871]
• Kao C, Chao A, Tsai Cl et al. Bortezomib enhances cancer cell death by blocking the autophagic flux through stimulating ERK phosphorylation Cell Death Dis et al. 2014 Nov 07 [PMID: 25375375] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3B/MAP1LC3B antibody used for WB in experiments involving human ovarian cancer cell lines TOV112D, TOV21G, OV90, SKOV3, MDAH2774, ES2, BR and BG1 cells.
• Watanabe S, Hayakawa T, Wakasugi K, Yamanaka K. Cystatin C protects neuronal cells against mutant copper-zinc superoxide dismutase-mediated toxicity Cell Death Dis et al. 2014 Oct 31 [PMID: 25356866] (WB, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  LC3 antibody used for WB on Cystatin C treated n2a cells (neuroblastoma cell neuro2a) which were transfected with SOD1WT or SOD1G85R (Figure 3b). WB also performed on n2a cells treated with CysC, Compound C or AICA-riboside (Figure 4d).
• Mccabe Ke, Bacos K, Lu D et al. Triggering necroptosis in cisplatin and IAP antagonist-resistant ovarian carcinoma Cell Death Dis et al. 2014 Oct 31 [PMID: 25356865] (WB, Human)
• Benhamron S, Pattanayak Sp, Berger M, Tirosh B. mTOR activation promotes plasma cell differentiation and bypasses XBP-1 for immunoglobulin secretion. Mol Cell Biol 2014 Oct 20 [PMID: 25332234] (WB, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  Using the HRP conjugated version of NB100-2220, catalog number NB100-2220H.
• Gao L, Qi Hb, Kc K et al. Excessive autophagy induces the failure of trophoblast invasion and vasculature: possible relevance to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. J. Hypertens. 2014 Oct 15 [PMID: 25318653] (WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, Human)
• Liao Cl, Chen Cm, Chang Yz et al. Pine (Pinus morrisonicola Hayata) needle Extracts Sensitize GBM8901 Human Glioblastoma Cells to Temozolomide by Downregulating Autophagy and O(6)-Methylguanine-DnA Methyltransferase Expression. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014 Oct 29 [PMID: 25293350]
• Lan Yy, Londono D, Bouley R et al. Dnase2a Deficiency Uncovers Lysosomal Clearance of Damaged nuclear DnA via Autophagy. Cell Rep. 2014 Oct 09 [PMID: 25284779] (ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Yang DS, Stavrides P, Saito M et al. Defective macroautophagic turnover of brain lipids in the TgCRND8 Alzheimer mouse model: prevention by correcting lysosomal proteolytic deficits. Brain. 2014 Sep 29 [PMID: 25270989] (WB, ICC/IF, IHC-Fr, Mouse)
• Shanware NP, Bray K, Eng CH et al. Glutamine deprivation stimulates mTOR-JNK-dependent chemokine secretion. Nat Commun. 2014 Sep 26 [PMID: 25254627]
• Moreau K, Fleming A, Imarisio S et al. PICALM modulates autophagy activity and tau accumulation. Nat Commun. 2014 Sep 22 [PMID: 25241929]
• Mazon Moya MJ, Colucci-Guyon E, Mostowy S. Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions. J Vis Exp. 2014 Sep 17 [PMID: 25226510]
• Granato M, Santarelli R, Farina A et al. EBV blocks the autophagic flux and appropriates the autophagic machinery to enhance viral replication. J Virol. 2014 Aug 20 [PMID: 25142602] (WB, Primate)
• Morgan MJ, Gamez G, Menke C et al. Regulation of autophagy and chloroquine sensitivity by oncogenic RAS in vitro is context-dependent. Autophagy 2014 Oct 1 [PMID: 25136801] (WB)
• Dunlop EA, Seifan S, Claessens T et al. FLCN, a novel autophagy component, interacts with GABARAP and is regulated by ULK1 phosphorylation. Autophagy 2014 Oct 1 [PMID: 25126726] (WB)
• Hao CL, Li Y, Yang HX et al. High level of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 predicts poor prognosis in resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014 Aug 14 [PMID: 25120801] (IHC-P, Human)
  
  Details:
  Rabbit anti-LC3 antibody used for IHC on TMA sections that were rehydrated via a graded alcohol series. LC3 antibody used at a dilution of 1:400 for 12 hours at 4 degrees C in a moist chamber (figure 1).
• Jiang P, Mukthavaram R, Chao Y et al. In vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of mevalonate pathway modulation on human cancer cells. Br. J Cancer. 2014 Aug 05 [PMID: 25093497] (WB, Human)
• Minoia M, Boncoraglio A, Vinet J et al. BAG3 induces the sequestration of proteasomal clients into cytoplasmic puncta: implications for a proteasome-to-autophagy switch. Autophagy 2014 Sep [PMID: 25046115] (WB)
• Ligeon LA, Moreau K, Barois N et al. Role of VAMP3 and VAMP7 in the commitment of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to LC3-associated pathways involving single- or double-membrane vacuoles. Autophagy 2014 Sep [PMID: 25046114] (WB)
• Wang WK, Lin ST, Chang WW et al. Hinokitiol induces autophagy in murine breast and colorectal cancer cells Environ Toxicol. 2014 Jul 12 [PMID: 25044443] (WB, Mouse)
• Seguin SJ, Morelli,FF, Vinet J et al. Inhibition of autophagy, lysosome and VCP function impairs stress granule assembly. Cell Death Differ. [PMID: 25034784]
• Ma Dennis, Stokes Kyle, Mahngar Kevinjeet et al. Inhibition of stress induced premature senescence in presenilin-1 mutated cells with water soluble Coenzyme Q10. Mitochondrion. 2014 Jul 15 [PMID: 25034304] (WB, Human)
• Chen S, Zhou L, Zhang Y et al. Targeting SQSTM1/p62 Induces Cargo-Loading Failure and Converts Autophagy to Apoptosis via NBK/Bik. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2014 Jul 07 [PMID: 25002530] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  LC3 antibody used for WB on several experiments involving human myeloma U266 cells and RPMI8226 cells.
• Barnard RA, Wittenburg LA, Amaravadi RK et al. Phase I clinical trial and pharmacodynamic evaluation of combination hydroxychloroquine and doxorubicin treatment in pet dogs treated for spontaneously occurring lymphoma. Autophagy 2014 Aug [PMID: 24991836] (WB)
• Feng L, Ma Y, Sun J et al. YY1-MIR372-SQSTM1 regulatory axis in autophagy. Autophagy 2014 Aug [PMID: 24991827] (WB)
• Schenkel LC,Bakovic M. Palmitic Acid and Oleic Acid Differentially Regulate Choline Transporter-Like 1 Levels and Glycerolipid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle Cells Lipids. 2014 Jun 28 [PMID: 24972900] (WB, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  LC3 antibody used for WB on lysates of Palmitic Acid (PAM) and Oleic Acid (OLA ) - treated C2C12 mouse myoblasts - 15 ug loading amount, 12 % SDS-PAGE denaturing gel, blocked with 5 % skim milk in PBS-T, primary - 1:1000 dilution in BSA ON 4C, secondary - horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG, detected by chemiluminescent peroxidase substrate assay.
• Owen KA, Meyer CB, Bouton AH, Casanova JE. Activation of Focal Adhesion Kinase by Salmonella Suppresses Autophagy via an Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway and Promotes Bacterial Survival in Macrophages. PLoS Pathog. 2014 Jun 01 [PMID: 24901456] (WB, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  Salmonella/Pathogen-induced LC3 recruitment in peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) from WT and FAK?/? mice was evaluated. WT and FAK-/- PEMs were incubated with S. typhimurium strain Delta-invG for 5 h with or without Bafilomycin A1 (300 ng) beforeimmunoblotting with LC3 antibody. (Figure 4E)
• Bingol B, Tea JS, Phu L et al. The mitochondrial deubiquitinase USP30 opposes parkin-mediated mitophagy. Nature. 2014 Jun 19 [PMID: 24896179] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Zielniok K, Motyl T, Gajewska M. Functional Interactions between 17beta-Estradiol and Progesterone Regulate Autophagy during Acini Formation by Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells in 3D Cultures. BioMed Research International. 2014 May 07 [PMID: 24895572] (WB, Bovine)
• Alves S, Cormier-Dequaire F, Marinello M et al. The autophagy/lysosome pathway is impaired in SCA7 patients and SCA7 knock-in mice. Acta Neuropathol. 2014 May 24 [PMID: 24859968] (IHC-Fr, Human, Mouse)
• Demos-Davies KM, Ferguson BS, Cavasin MA et al. HDAC6 contributes to pathological responses of heart and skeletal muscle to chronic angiotensin-II signaling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014 May 22 [PMID: 24858848] (WB, Mouse)
• Zeng Y, Li S, Wu J et al. Autophagy inhibitors promoted aristolochic acid I induced renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway but alleviated nonapoptotic cell death in mouse acute aritolochic acid nephropathy model. Apoptosis. 2014 May 20 [PMID: 24841932] (WB, Mouse)
• Chin RM, Fu X, Pai MY et al. The metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate extends lifespan by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR. Nature. 2014 May 14 [PMID: 24828042] (WB, Human)
• Zavodszky E, Seaman MN, Moreau K et al. Mutation in VPS35 associated with Parkinson's disease impairs WASH complex association and inhibits autophagy. Nat Commun. 2014 May 13 [PMID: 24819384] (WB, Human)
• Kang M, Jeong CW, Ku JH et al. Inhibition of autophagy potentiates atorvastatin-induced apoptotic cell death in human bladder cancer cells in vitro. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 May 12 [PMID: 24815071] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)
• Fang EF, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Brace LE et al. Defective Mitophagy in XPA via PARP-1 Hyperactivation and NAD(+)/SIRT1 Reduction. Cell. 2014 May 08 [PMID: 24813611] (WB, ICC/IF, Human, Mouse, Rat)
• Basu S, Rajakaruna S, Reyes B et al. Suppression of MAPK/JNK-MTORC1 signaling leads to premature loss of organelles and nuclei by autophagy during terminal differentiation of lens fiber cells. Autophagy 2014 Jul [PMID: 24813396] (WB)
• Yoon S, Han E, Choi YC et al. Inhibition of Cell Proliferation and Migration by miR-509-3p That Targets CDk2, Rac1, and PIk3C2A. Mol. Cells. 2014 Apr 30 [PMID: 24802056] (WB, Human)
• Ruddy SC, Lau R, Cabrita MA et al. Preferential estrogen receptor beta ligands reduce Bcl-2 expression in hormone-resistant breast cancer cells to increase autophagy. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2014 Apr 30 [PMID: 24785256] (WB, Human)
• Li BH, Yin YW, Liu Y et al. TRPV1 activation impedes foam cell formation by inducing autophagy in oxLDL-treated vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Death Dis. 2014 Apr 18 [PMID: 24743737] (WB, Mouse)
• Granato M, Lacconi V, Peddis M et al. Hepatitis C virus present in the sera of infected patients interferes with the autophagic process of monocytes impairing their in-vitro differentiation into dendritic cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014 Mar 28 [PMID: 24726834] (WB, Human)
• BovE J, MartInez-Vicente M, Dehay B et al. BAX channel activity mediates lysosomal disruption linked to Parkinson disease Autophagy. 2014 May 11 [PMID: 24686337] (WB, Mouse)
• Thorburn J, Andrysik Z, Staskiewicz L et al. Autophagy Controls the Kinetics and Extent of Mitochondrial Apoptosis by Regulating PUMA Levels. Cell Rep 4/1/2014 [PMID: 24685133] (WB, Human)
• Lin CJ, Chen TH, Yang LY, Shih CM. Resveratrol protects astrocytes against traumatic brain injury through inhibiting apoptotic and autophagic cell death. Cell Death Dis 2014 Apr 12 [PMID: 24675465] (WB, Rat)
• Ginet V, Spiehlmann A, Rummel C et al. Involvement of autophagy in hypoxic-excitotoxic neuronal death Autophagy. 2014 May 11 [PMID: 24674959] (WB, Rat)
• Guan B, Krokowski D, Majumder M et al. Translational control during endoplasmic reticulum stress beyond phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2a. J Biol Chem 2014 May 02 [PMID: 24648524] (WB, Mouse)
• Kraft LJ, Nguyen TA, Vogel SS, Kenworthy AK Size, stoichiometry, and organization of soluble LC3-associated complexes. Autophagy 2014 May [PMID: 24646892] (ICC/IF)
• Hung KC, Huang HJ, Lin MW et al. Roles of Autophagy in MPP+-Induced Neurotoxicity In Vivo: The Involvement of Mitochondria and a-Synuclein Aggregation. PLoS ONE 3/20/2014 [PMID: 24646838] (WB, IHC-Fr, Rat)
• Laker RC, Xu P, Ryall KA et al. A novel MitoTimer reporter gene for mitochondrial content, structure, stress and damage in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 3/18/2014 [PMID: 24644293] (ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Frieboes HB, Huang JS, Yin WC, McNally LR. Chloroquine-mediated cell death in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma through inhibition of autophagy. JOP 3/12/2014 [PMID: 24618445] (WB, Human)
• Dai DF, Karunadharma PP, Chiao YA et al. Altered proteome turnover and remodeling by short-term caloric restriction or rapamycin rejuvenate the aging heart. Aging Cell 2/25/2014 [PMID: 24612461] (WB, Mouse)
• Wlodarska M, Thaiss CA, Nowarski R et al. NLRP6 Inflammasome Orchestrates the Colonic Host-Microbial Interface by Regulating Goblet Cell Mucus Secretion. Cell 2014 Mar 3 [PMID: 24581500] (WB, Mouse)
• Farg MA, Sundaramoorthy V, Sultana JM et al. C9ORF72, implicated in amytrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, regulates endosomal trafficking. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2014 Feb 28 [PMID: 24549040] (WB, Human)
• Jabir MS, Ritchie ND, Li D et al. Caspase-1 Cleavage of the TLR Adaptor TRIF Inhibits Autophagy and beta-Interferon Production during Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2014 Feb 17 [PMID: 24528867] (WB, ICC/IF, Mouse, Human)
• Pavlovic Z, Zhu L, Pereira L et al. Isoform-specific and PKC mediated regulation of CTP: phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 2014 Feb 12 [PMID: 24519946] (WB, Human)
• Thapaliya S, Runkana A, McMullen MR et al. Alcohol-induced autophagy contributes to loss in skeletal muscle mass. Autophagy 2014 Apr [PMID: 24492484]
• Ginet V, Puyal J, Rummel C et al. A critical role of autophagy in antileukemia/lymphoma effects of APO866, an inhibitor of NAD biosynthesis. Autophagy 2014 Apr [PMID: 24487122] (WB, Human)
• Nogalska A, D'Agostino C, Engel WK. Sodium phenylbutyrate reverses lysosomal dysfunction and decreases amyloid-B42 in an in vitro-model of inclusion-body myositis. Neurobiol. Dis. 2014 Mar 3 [PMID: 24472798] (WB, Human)
• Larocque K, Ovadje P, Djurdjevic S et al. Novel analogue of colchicine induces selective pro-death autophagy and necrosis in human cancer cells. PLoS ONE 2014 Jan 27 [PMID: 24466327] (WB, Human)
• Lee CH, Lin ST, Liu JJ et al. Salmonella induce autophagy in melanoma by the downregulation of AKT/mTOR pathway. Gene Ther. 2014 Mar 6 [PMID: 24451116] (WB, Mouse)
• Lee E, Koo Y, Ng A et al. Autophagy is essential for cardiac morphogenesis during vertebrate development. Autophagy 2014 Apr [PMID: 24441423] (WB)
• Mei W, Dong C, Hui C et al. Gambogenic Acid Kills Lung Cancer Cells through Aberrant Autophagy. PLoS ONE 2014 Jan 15 [PMID: 24427275] (WB, Human)
• Kang JW, Cho HI, Lee SM. Melatonin Inhibits mTOR-Dependent Autophagy during Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion. Cell Physiol Biochem 2014 Jan 2 [PMID: 24401531] (WB, Mouse)
• Xia Qing, Cai Yuchen, Peng Roujun et al. The CDK1 inhibitor RO3306 improves the response of BRCA-pro fi cient breast cancer cells to PARP inhibition. Int J Oncol. 2014 Mar 01 [PMID: 24378347] (Human)
• Baldo B, Soylu R, Petersen A et al. Maintenance of Basal Levels of Autophagy in Huntington’s Disease Mouse Models Displaying Metabolic Dysfunction. PLoS One 2013 Dec 20 [PMID: 24376631] (WB, Mouse)
• Yun N, Cho HI, Lee SM. Impaired autophagy contributes to hepatocellular damage during ischemia/reperfusion: Heme oxygenase-1 as a possible regulator. Free Radic Biol Med 2013 Dec 22 [PMID: 24365205] (WB, Rat)
• Yang K, Wang J, Xiang AP et al. Functional RIG-I-like receptors control the survival of mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2013 Dec 12 [PMID: 24336087] (WB, Mouse)
• Choi J, Jo M, Lee E, Kim HJ, Choi D et al. Differential induction of autophagy by mTOR is associated with abnormal apoptosis in ovarian endometriotic cysts. Mol Hum Reprod 2013 Dec 15 [PMID: 24319109] (WB, Human)
• Gump JM, Staskiewicz L, Morgan MJ et al. Autophagy variation within a cell population determines cell fate through selective degradation of Fap-1. Nat Cell Biol 2014 Jan [PMID: 24316673] (WB, Human)
• Mattace Raso G, Simeoli R, Iacono A et al. Effects of a Lactobacillus paracasei B21060 based Synbiotic on Steatosis, Insulin Signaling and Toll like Receptor Expression in Rats Fed a High Fat Diet. J Nutr Biochem. 2014 Jan [PMID: 24314869] (WB, Rat)
• Joshi-Barr S, Bett C, Chiang WC et al. De novo prion aggregates trigger autophagy in skeletal muscle. J Virol 2013 Dec 4 [PMID: 24307586] (IHC-P, WB, Mouse)
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  Details:
  Using the HRP conjugated version of NB100-2220, catalog number NB100-2220H.
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• Guo X, Li D, Hu F et al. Targeting autophagy potentiates chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and proliferation inhibition in hepatocarcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2012 Jul 28 [PMID: 22406827] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  Using the HRP conjugated version of NB100-2220, catalog number NB100-2220H.
• Yu Y, Yang L, Zhao M et al. Targeting microRNA-30a-mediated autophagy enhances imatinib activity against human chronic myeloid leukemia cells Leukemia 2012 Mar 7 [PMID: 22395361] (WB, Human)
• Young MM, Takahashi Y, Khan O, Park S, Hori T, Yun J, Sharma AK, Amin S, Hu CD, Zhang J, Kester M, Wang HG. Autophagosomal Membrane Serves as Platform for Intracellular Death-inducing Signaling Complex (iDISC)-mediated Caspase-8 Activation and Apoptosis. ;287(15):12455-68. 2012 Apr 6. [PMID: 22362782] (WB, ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Moreau K, Ravikumar B, Puri C, Rubinsztein DC. Arf6 promotes autophagosome formation via effects on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phospholipase D. J Cell Biol;196(4):483-96. 2012 Feb 20. [PMID: 22351926]
• Kanai R, Zaupa C, Sgubin D, Antoszczyk SJ, Martuza RL, Wakimoto H, Rabkin SD. Effect of ?34.5 deletions on oncolytic herpes simplex virus activity in brain tumors. J Virol;86(8):4420-31. 2012 Apr. [PMID: 22345479] (WB, Human, Mouse)
• Livesey KM, Kang R, Vernon P, Buchser W, Loughran P, Watkins SC, Zhang L, Manfredi JJ, Zeh HJ 3rd, Li L, Lotze MT, Tang D. p53/HMGB1 Complexes Regulate Autophagy and Apoptosis. Cancer Res;72(8):1996-2005. 2012 Apr 15. [PMID: 22345153] (WB, Human)
• Jeong JK, Moon MH, Lee YJ, Seol JW, Park SY. Melatonin-induced autophagy protects against human prion protein-mediated neurotoxicity. J Pineal Res. 2012 Jan 30. [PMID: 22335252] (WB, Human)
• Ma X, Godar RJ, Liu H, Diwan A. Enhancing lysosome biogenesis attenuates BNIP3-induced cardiomyocyte death. Autophagy 2012 Mar [PMID: 22302006] (WB, Rat)
• Back JH, Zhu Y, Calabro A, Queenan C, Kim AS, Arbesman J, Kim AL. Resveratrol-Mediated Downregulation of Rictor Attenuates Autophagic Process and Suppresses UV-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01097.x. 2012 Jan 24. [PMID: 22272775]
• He C, Bassik MC, Moresi V et al. Exercise-induced BCL2-regulated autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis. Nature;481(7382):511-515. 2012 Jan 26. [PMID: 22258505]
• Maycotte P, Aryal S, Cummings CT et al. Chloroquine sensitizes breast cancer cells to chemotherapy independent of autophagy. Autophagy 2012 Feb 1 [PMID: 22252008] (WB)
• Narni-Mancinelli E, Soudja SM, Crozat K et al. Inflammatory Monocytes and Neutrophils Are Licensed to Kill during Memory Responses In Vivo. PLoS Pathog 7(12). 2011 Dec. [PMID: 22241983]
• Saleem A, Dvorzhinski D, Santanam U, Mathew R, Bray K, Stein M, White E, Dipaola RS. Effect of dual inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy in prostate cancer. Prostate. 2012 Jan 12. [PMID: 22241682] (WB, Human)
• Ma D, Tremblay P, Mahngar K et al. Selective Cytotoxicity against Human Osteosarcoma Cells by a Novel Synthetic C-1 Analogue of 7-Deoxypancratistatin Is Potentiated by Curcumin. PLoS ONE 6(12). 2011 [PMID: 22205968]
• Kruger U, Wang Y, Kumar S, Mandelkow E-M. Autophagic degradation of tau in primary neurons and its enhancement by trehalose. Neurobiology of Aging. 2011 Dec 12. [PMID: 22169203]
• Yoshizaki T, Kusunoki C, Kondo M et al. Autophagy regulates inflammation in adipocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2011 Dec 1. [PMID: 22155234]
• Kim HN, Lee S-J, Koh J-Y. The neurosteroids, allopregnanolone and progesterone, induce autophagy in cultured astrocytes. Neurochemistry International. 2011 Dec 1. [PMID: 22154800]
• Vigano A, Vasso M, Caretti A, Bravata V, Terraneo L, Fania C, Capitanio D, Samaja M, Gelfi C. Protein modulation in mouse heart under acute and chronic hypoxia. Proteomics;11(21):4202-17. 2011 Nov. [PMID: 22150682] (WB, Human)
• Wang P, Guan YF, Du H et al. Induction of autophagy contributes to the neuroprotection of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in cerebral ischemia. Autophagy 2012 Jan [PMID: 22113203] (WB, IHC, ICC/IF, Mouse, Rat)
• Huang J, Ni J, Liu K et al. HMGB1 Promotes Drug Resistance in Osteosarcoma. Cancer Research. 2011 Nov 18. [PMID: 22102692]
• Carames B, Taniguchi N, Seino D, Blanco FJ, D'Lima D, Lotz M. Mechanical injury suppresses autophagy regulators and pharmacologic activation of autophagy results in chondroprotection. Arthritis Rheum;64(4):1182-92. 2012 Apr. [PMID: 22034068] (WB, Human)
• Higa A, Mulot A, Delom F et al. Role of the pro-oncogenic Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI)-family member Anterior Gradient 2 (AGR2) in the control of Endoplasmic Reticulum homeostasis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2011 Oct 24. [PMID: 22025610]
• Fiorito F, Ciarcia R, Granato GE et al. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced autophagy in a bovine kidney cell line. Toxicology;290(2-3):258-70. 2011 Dec 18. [PMID: 22015590] (WB, ICC/IF, Bovine)
• Noh BK, Lee JK, Jun HJ et al. Restoration of autophagy by puerarin in ethanol-treated hepatocytes via the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011 Oct 22 [PMID: 21964292] (WB, Rat)
• Sachdev U, Cui X, Hong G, Namkoong S, Karlsson JM, Baty CJ, Tzeng E. High mobility group box 1 promotes endothelial cell angiogenic behavior in vitro and improves muscle perfusion in vivo in response to ischemic injury. J Vasc Surg;55(1):180-91. 2012 Jan. [PMID: 21944908] (WB, Human)
• Sun T, Li D, Wang L et al. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation is essential for up-regulation of LC3 during ceramide-induced autophagy in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. J Transl Med 2011 [PMID: 21943220] (WB, Human)
• Carmignac V, Svensson M, Korner Z et al. Autophagy is increased in laminin {alpha}2 chain-deficient muscle and its inhibition improves muscle morphology in a mouse model of MDC1A. Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Sep 27. [PMID: 21920942]
• Kwak SS, Suk J, Choi JH et al. Autophagy induction by tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency. Autophagy 2011 Nov [PMID: 21795851]
• Li D, Wang G, Han D et al. MP Resulting in Autophagic Cell Death of Microglia through Zinc Changes against Spinal Cord Injury BioMed Research International 2015 Feb 16 (WB, Rat)
• Zhou H, Chen J, Lu X et al. Melatonin protects against rotenone-induced cell injury via inhibition of Omi and Bax-mediated autophagy in Hela cells Journal of Pineal Research 2012 [PMID: 21883444] (WB, Human)
• Levy JM, Thorburn A. Modulation of pediatric brain tumor autophagy and chemosensitivity. J Neurooncol;106(2):281-90. 2012 Jan. [PMID: 21842312] (WB, Human)
• Meng Q, Cai D. Defective hypothalamic autophagy directs the central pathogenesis of obesity via the IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta)/NF-kappaB pathway J Biol Chem 2011 Sep 16 [PMID: 21784844] (WB, Mouse)
• Moreau K, Ravikumar B, Renna M et al. Autophagosome precursor maturation requires homotypic fusion. Cell 2011 Jul 22 [PMID: 21784250] (ICC/IF, Human)
• Melton EM, Cerny RL, Watkins PA et al. Human fatty acid transport protein 2a/very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (FATP2a/Acsvl1) has a preference in mediating the channeling of exogenous n-3 fatty acids into phosphatidylinositol. J Biol Chem 2011 Sep 2 [PMID: 21768100] (WB)
• Mitsuhashi S, Hatakeyama H, Karahashi M et al. Muscle choline kinase beta defect causes mitochondrial dysfunction and increased mitophagy Hum Mol Genet 2011 Oct [PMID: 21750112] (WB, IHC, ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Xu CX, Zhao L, Yue P et al. Augmentation of NVP-BEZ235's anticancer activity against human lung cancer cells by blockage of autophagy. Cancer Biol Ther 2011 Sep 15 [PMID: 21738008]
• Molitoris JK, McColl KS, Swerdlow S et al. Glucocorticoid elevation of dexamethasone-induced gene 2 (Dig2/RTP801/REDD1) mediates autophagy in lymphocytes. J Biol Chem. 2011 Jul 6. [PMID: 21733849]
• Kim Y-H, Rane A, Lussier S, Andersen JK. Lithium protects against oxidative stress-mediated cell death in [alpha]-synuclein-overexpressing in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci Res. 2011 Jun 24. [PMID: 21710541] (WB, Rat)
• Qi Z, Yang W, Liu Y et al. Loss of PINK1 function decreases PP2A activity and promotes autophagy in dopaminergic cells and a murine model Neurochem Int 2011 Oct [PMID: 21672589] (WB, Mouse)
• Tang D, Kang R, Livesey KM et al. High-mobility group box 1 is essential for mitochondrial quality control Cell Metab 2011 Jun [PMID: 21641551] (WB, IHC, ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Cant JS, Goodale MA. Scratching beneath the surface: new insights into the functional properties of the lateral occipital area and parahippocampal place area. J Neurosci 2011 Jun 1 [PMID: 21632946] (ICC/IF, Human)
• Nyfeler B, Bergman P, Triantafellow E et al. Relieving autophagy and 4EBP1 from rapamycin resistance. Mol Cell Biol 2011 Jul [PMID: 21576371] (Human)
• Lee SW, Song YS, Lee S et al. Downregulation of protein kinase CK2 activity facilitates tumor necrosis factor-a-mediated chondrocyte death through apoptosis and autophagy PLoS One 2011 Apr 29 [PMID: 21559479] (WB, ICC/IF, Rat)
• Dash R, Azab B, Quinn B et al. Apogossypol derivative BI-97C1 (Sabutoclax) targeting Mcl-1 sensitizes prostate cancer cells to mda-7/IL-24-mediated toxicity Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 May 24 [PMID: 21555592] (WB, Human)
• Hakimi M, Selvanantham T, Swinton E, Padmore RF, Tong Y, Kabbach G, Venderova K, Girardin SE, Bulman DE, Scherzer CR, LaVoie MJ, Gris D, Park DS, Angel JB, Shen J, Philpott DJ, Schlossmacher MG. Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2 is expressed in circulating and tissue immune cells and upregulated following recognition of microbial structures. J Neural Transm;118(5):795-808. 2011 May. [PMID: 21552986] (WB, Human, Mouse)
• Fazio EN, Dimattia GE, Chadi S et al. Stanniocalcin 2 alters PERK signalling and reduces cellular injury during cerulein induced pancreatitis in mice BMC Cell Biol 2011 May 5 [PMID: 21545732] (WB, IHC, ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Myeku N, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Dynamics of the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins by proteasomes and autophagy: its association with sequestosome 1/P62. J Biol Chem. 2011 May 2. [PMID: 21536669]
• Zhang T, Yan W, Li Q et al. 3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP) attenuated neuronal autophagy and amyloid-beta expression in diabetic mice subjected to brain ischemia. Neurol Res. 2011 May [PMID: 21535939] (IHC-Fr, Mouse)
• Ma D, Tremblay P, Mahngar K et al. A novel synthetic C-1 analogue of 7-deoxypancratistatin induces apoptosis in p53 positive and negative human colorectal cancer cells by targeting the mitochondria: enhancement of activity by tamoxifen. Invest New Drugs. 2011 Apr 15. [PMID: 21494837]
• Park B, Lee S, Stolz D et al. Synergistic interactions between heregulin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonist in breast cancer cells J Biol Chem 2011 Jun 3 [PMID: 21467033] (ICC/IF, WB, Human)
• Haspel J, Shaik RS, Ifedigbo E et al. Characterization of macroautophagic flux in vivo using a leupeptin-based assay. Autophagy 2011 Jun [PMID: 21460622] (WB, Mouse)
• Signorelli P, Avagliano L, Virgili E et al. Autophagy in term normal human placentas. Placenta;32(6):482-485. 2011 Jun. [PMID: 21459442]
• Garbow JR, Doherty JM, Schugar RC et al. Hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and ER stress in mice maintained long-term on a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol;300(6):G956-67. 2011 Jun. [PMID: 21454445]
• Broadley K, Larsen L, Herst P et al. The novel phloroglucinol PMT7 kills glycolytic cancer cells by blocking autophagy and sensitizing to nutrient stress J Cell Biochem 2011 Jun [PMID: 21433059] (ICC/IF, Human)
• Qiu W, Zhang J, Dekker MJ, Wang H, Huang J, Brumell JH, Adeli K. Hepatic autophagy mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced degradation of misfolded apolipoprotein B. Hepatology;53(5):1515-25. 2011 May. [PMID: 21360721] (WB, Rat)
• Elgendy M, Sheridan C, Brumatti G, Martin SJ. Oncogenic Ras-Induced Expression of Noxa and Beclin-1 Promotes Autophagic Cell Death and Limits Clonogenic Survival. Mol Cell. 2011 Feb 23. [PMID: 21353614]
• Waltz P, Carchman EH, Young AC et al. Lipopolysaccaride induces autophagic signaling in macrophages via a TLR4, heme oxygenase-1 dependent pathway. Autophagy 2011 Mar [PMID: 21307647]
• Xu B, Hua J, Zhang Y et al. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) regulates primordial follicle assembly by promoting apoptosis of oocytes in fetal and neonatal mouse ovaries. PLoS ONE;6(1):e16046. 2011 [PMID: 21253613]
• Wang RC, Levine B. Calcipotriol Induces Autophagy in HeLa Cells and Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2011 [PMID: 21228817]
• Hsu HS, Huang PI, Chang Y et al. Cucurbitacin I inhibits tumorigenic ability and enhances radiochemosensitivity in nonsmall cell lung cancer-derived CD133-positive cells Cancer 2011 Jul 1 [PMID: 21225866] (WB, Human)
• Cotter DG, d'Avignon DA, Wentz AE et al. Obligate role for ketone body oxidation in neonatal metabolic homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2011 Mar 4 [PMID: 21209089] (WB)
• Wang Z, Cao L, Kang R et al. Autophagy regulates myeloid cell differentiation by p62/SQSTM1-mediated degradation of PML-RARalpha oncoprotein. Autophagy 2011 Apr [PMID: 21187718] (Human)
• Yang D-S, Stavrides P, Mohan PS et al. Reversal of autophagy dysfunction in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease ameliorates amyloid pathologies and memory deficits. Brain. 2011 [PMID: 21186265]
• Wan XM, Zheng F, Zhang L et al. Autophagy-mediated chemosensitization by cysteamine in cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2011 Sep 1 [PMID: 21080439]
• Takahashi Y, Meyerkord CL, Hori T et al. Bif-1 regulates Atg9 trafficking by mediating the fission of Golgi membranes during autophagy. Autophagy 2011 Jan [PMID: 21068542] (ICC/IF)
• Zhou B, Zhu YB, Lin L, Cai Q, Sheng ZH. Snapin deficiency is associated with developmental defects of the central nervous system. Biosci Rep;31(2):151-8. 2011 Apr. [PMID: 20946101] (IHC, Mouse)
• Revankar SG, Sutton DA. Melanized fungi in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010 Oct [PMID: 20930077] (WB)
• Sala-Mercado JA, Wider J, Undyala VV et al. Profound cardioprotection with chloramphenicol succinate in the swine model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Circulation 2010 Sep 14 [PMID: 20837911] (WB, Porcine)
• Harr MW, McColl KS, Zhong F et al. Glucocorticoids downregulate Fyn and inhibit IP(3)-mediated calcium signaling to promote autophagy in T lymphocytes Autophagy 2010 Oct [PMID: 20814235] (WB, Mouse)
• Li DD, Guo JF, Huang JJ et al. Rhabdastrellic acid-A induced autophagy-associated cell death through blocking Akt pathway in human cancer cells. PLoS One 2010 Aug 17 [PMID: 20808909] (WB, Human)
• Cheung FW, Che CT, Sakagami H et al. Sodium 5,6-benzylidene-L-ascorbate induces oxidative stress, autophagy, and growth arrest in human colon cancer HT-29 cells. J Cell Biochem 2010 Oct 1 [PMID: 20503249] (ELISA, Human)
• Wang B, Ling S, Lin WC. 14-3-3Tau regulates Beclin 1 and is required for autophagy. PLoS One 2010 [PMID: 20454448] (WB, Human)
• Aguado C, Sarkar S, Korolchuk VI et al. Laforin, the most common protein mutated in Lafora disease, regulates autophagy. Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Jul 15 [PMID: 20453062] (WB, Mouse)
  
  Details:
  The functionality of laforin and its relationship to autophagy is explored. The loss of functionality of laforin is the major contributor to the cause of Lafora disease and impairs autophagy, which is confirmed here through testing with human cell lines and mouse fibroblasts. Laforin's stimulation of autophagy via the rapamycin kinase-dependent pathway in mammals is also investigated.
• Zhou X, Wang L, Hasegawa H et al. Deletion of PIK3C3/Vps34 in sensory neurons causes rapid neurodegeneration by disrupting the endosomal but not the autophagic pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;107(20):9424-9. 2010 May 18. [PMID: 20439739] (WB, Mouse)
• Eng CH et al. Ammonia derived from glutaminolysis is a diffusible regulator of autophagy. Sci Signal;3(119):ra31. 2010 Apr 27. [PMID: 20424262]
• Chakrama FZ, Seguin-Py S, Le Grand JN et al. GABARAPL1 (GEC1) associates with autophagic vesicles. Autophagy 2010 May [PMID: 20404487]
• Man N, Chen Y, Zheng F et al. Induction of genuine autophagy by cationic lipids in mammalian cells. Autophagy 2010 May [PMID: 20383065]
• Wang AM, Morishima Y, Clapp KM et al. Inhibition of hsp70 by methylene blue affects signaling protein function and ubiquitination and modulates polyglutamine protein degradation. J Biol Chem;285(21):15714-23. 2010 May 21. [PMID: 20348093] (WB, Human)
• Ben Sahra I, Laurent K, Giuliano S et al. Targeting cancer cell metabolism: the combination of metformin and 2-deoxyglucose induces p53-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2010 Mar 15 [PMID: 20215500] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  Metformin, with its antitumoral and antiproliferative tendencies, is combined with 2-deoxyglucose resulting in the activation of p53-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells as well as the arrest of cancer cells in G(2)-M, providing evidence of the use of metformin and 2DG as an anticancerous treatment.
• Murray AN, Solomon JP, Wang YJ et al. Discovery and characterization of a mammalian amyloid disaggregation activity. Protein Sci 2010 Apr [PMID: 20162625] (WB)
• Choi JY et al. The role of autophagy in follicular development and atresia in rat granulosa cells. Fertil Steril;93(8):2532-7. 2010 May 15. [PMID: 20149359]
• Huang C, Liu W, Perry CN et al. Autophagy and protein kinase C are required for cardioprotection by sulfaphenazole. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010 Feb [PMID: 20008275] (IHC-Fr, WB, Mouse, Rat)
• Cao Y, Marks JD, Marks JW et al. Construction and characterization of novel, recombinant immunotoxins targeting the Her2/neu oncogene product: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cancer Res;69(23):8987-95. 2009 Dec 1. [PMID: 19934334]
• Fu L, Kim YA, Wang X et al. Perifosine inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin signaling through facilitating degradation of major components in the mTOR axis and induces autophagy. Cancer Res;69(23):8967-76. 2009 Dec 1. [PMID: 19920197]
• Yuk JM, Shin DM, Song KS et al. Bacillus calmette-guerin cell wall cytoskeleton enhances colon cancer radiosensitivity through autophagy. Autophagy 2010 Jan [PMID: 19901560] (ICC/IF)
• Yan T, Seo Y, Kinsella TJ. Differential cellular responses to prolonged LDR-IR in MLH1-proficient and MLH1-deficient colorectal cancer HCT116 cells. Clin Cancer Res;15(22):6912-20. 2009 Nov 15. [PMID: 19861440]
• Ferguson CJ, Lenk GM, Meisler MH. Defective autophagy in neurons and astrocytes from mice deficient in PI(3,5)P2. Hum Mol Genet;18(24):4868-78. 2009 Dec 15. [PMID: 19793721] (WB, Mouse)
• Colosetti P, Puissant A, Robert G et al. Autophagy is an important event for megakaryocytic differentiation of the chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cell line. Autophagy 2009 Nov [PMID: 19786835] (WB, Human)
• Song J, Qu Z, Guo X et al. Hypoxia-induced autophagy contributes to the chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Autophagy 2009 Nov [PMID: 19786832] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  Using the HRP conjugated version of NB100-2220, catalog number NB100-2220H.
• Zhang Q, Yang W, Man N et al. Autophagy-mediated chemosensitization in cancer cells by fullerene C60 nanocrystal. Autophagy 2009 Nov [PMID: 19786831]
• Davidson CD, Ali NF, Micsenyi MC et al. Chronic cyclodextrin treatment of murine Niemann-Pick C disease ameliorates neuronal cholesterol and glycosphingolipid storage and disease progression. PLoS One 2009 [PMID: 19750228] (IHC, Mouse)
• Woloszynek JC, Kovacs A, Ohlemiller KK et al. Metabolic Adaptations to Interrupted Glycosaminoglycan Recycling. J Biol Chem;284(43):29684-29691. 2009 [PMID: 19700765]
• Dreux M, Gastaminza P, Wiel SF et al. The autophagy machinery is required to initiate hepatitis C virus replication. PNAS;106(33):14046-14051. 2009 [PMID: 19666601] (WB, Human)
• Fan S, Meng Q, Saha T et al. Low Concentrations of Diindolylmethane, a Metabolite of Indole-3-Carbinol, Protect against Oxidative Stress in a BRCA1-Dependent Manner. Cancer Res;69(15):6083-6091. 2009 [PMID: 19622773]
• Jahreiss L, Renna M, Bittman R et al. 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-O-(2'-acetamido-2'-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-gly cerol (Gln) induces cell death with more autophagosomes which is autophagy-independent. Autophagy 2009 Aug [PMID: 19550143]
• Shen S, Zhang P, Lovchik MA et al. Cyclodepsipeptide toxin promotes the degradation of Hsp90 client proteins through chaperone-mediated autophagy. J Cell Biol;185(4):629-639. 2009 [PMID: 19433452] (ICC/IF, Human)
• Zhu Y, Vergote D, Pardo C et al. CXCR3 activation by lentivirus infection suppresses neuronal autophagy: neuroprotective effects of antiretroviral therapy. FASEB J :fj08-128819. 2009 [PMID: 19380511]
• Samadder P, Bittman R, Byun HS, Arthur G et al. A glycosylated antitumor ether lipid kills cells via paraptosis-like cell death. Biochem Cell Biol 2009 Apr [PMID: 19370058] (WB, Mouse, Human)
• Huang J, Canadien V, Lam GY et al. Activation of antibacterial autophagy by NADPH oxidases. PNAS;106(15):6226-6231. 2009 [PMID: 19339495] (WB, Mouse)
• Tang D, Kang R, Xiao W et al. Quercetin prevents LPS-induced high-mobility group box 1 release and proinflammatory function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol;41(6):651-60. 2009 Dec. [PMID: 19265175]
• Huttenhower C, Haley EM, Hibbs MA et al. Exploring the human genome with functional maps. Genome Res. 2009 Feb 26 [PMID: 19246570] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  Five genes - AP3B1, ATP6AP1, BLOC1S1, LAMP2, and RAB11A - are confirmed for their role in the initiation of macroautophagy in human fibroblasts through the utilization of a Bayesion integration system to provide funcitonal maps.
• Sarkar S, Ravikumar B, Rubinsztein DC. Autophagic clearance of aggregate-prone proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Methods Enzymol 2009 [PMID: 19216903] (Rat)
• Buzgariu W, Chera S, Galliot B. Methods to investigate autophagy during starvation and regeneration in hydra. Methods Enzymol 2008 [PMID: 19185734]
• Sarkar S, Korolchuk V, Renna M et al. Methodological considerations for assessing autophagy modulators: a study with calcium phosphate precipitates. Autophagy;5(3):307-13. 2009 Apr. [PMID: 19182529]
• Panyasrivanit M, Khakpoor A, Wikan N et al. Co-localization of constituents of the dengue virus translation replication machinery with amphisomes. J Gen Virol;90(Pt 2):448-56. 2009 Feb. [PMID: 19141455] (WB, Human)
• Yuan H, Perry CN, Huang C et al. LPS-induced autophagy is mediated by oxidative signaling in cardiomyocytes and is associated with cytoprotection. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol;296(2):H470-9. 2009 Feb. [PMID: 19098111] (ICC/IF, WB)
• Pacheco CD, Elrick MJ, Lieberman AP. Tau deletion exacerbates the phenotype of Niemann-Pick type C mice implicates autophagy in pathogenesis. Hum Mol Genet;18(5):956-965. 2009 [PMID: 19074461] (WB, Human, Mouse)
• Li DD, Wang LL, Deng R et al. The pivotal role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated Beclin 1 expression during anticancer agents-induced autophagy in cancer cells. Oncogene 2009 Feb 12 [PMID: 19060920] (WB, Human)
• Humbey O, Pimkina J, Zilfou JT et al. The ARF tumor suppressor can promote the progression of some tumors. Cancer Res;68(23):9608-13. 2008 Dec 1. [PMID: 19047137] (WB, Mouse)
• Young JE, Martinez RA, La Spada AR. Nutrient deprivation induces neuronal autophagy and implicates reduced insulin signaling in neuroprotective autophagy activation. J Biol Chem;284(4):2363-73. 2009 Jan 23. [PMID: 19017649] (WB, ICC/IF, IHC, Mouse)
• Degtyarev M, De Maziere A, Orr C et al. Akt inhibition promotes autophagy and sensitizes PTEN-null tumors to lysosomotropic agents. J Cell Biol;183(1):101-16. 2008 Oct 6. [PMID: 18838554] (WB)
• Burdette DL, Yarbrough ML, Orvedahl A et al. Vibrio parahaemolyticus orchestrates a multifaceted host cell infection by induction of autophagy, cell rounding, then cell lysis. PNAS;105(34):12497-12502. 2008 [PMID: 18713860] (WB, Mouse)
• Wong ES, Tan JM, Soong WE et al. Autophagy-mediated clearance of aggresomes is not a universal phenomenon. Hum Mol Genet;17(16):2570-82. 2008 Aug 15. [PMID: 18502787] (ICC/IF)
• Williams A, Sarkar S, Cuddon P et al. Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway. Nat Chem Biol 2008 May [PMID: 18391949] (Human)
• Zhang H, Bosch-Marce M, Shimoda LA et al. Mitochondrial autophagy is an HIF-1-dependent adaptive metabolic response to hypoxia. J Biol Chem;283(16):10892-903. 2008 Apr 18. [PMID: 18281291] (WB, Mouse)
• Miller BC, Zhao Z, Stephenson LM et al. The autophagy gene ATG5 plays an essential role in B lymphocyte development. Autophagy;4(3):309-14. 2008 Apr 1. [PMID: 18188005]
• Sarkar S, Krishna G, Imarisio S et al. A rational mechanism for combination treatment of Huntington's disease using lithium and rapamycin. Hum Mol Genet;17(2):170-8. 2008 Jan 15. [PMID: 17921520] (WB)
• Settembre C, Fraldi A, Jahreiss L et al. A block of autophagy in lysosomal storage disorders. Hum Mol Genet;17(1):119-29. 2008 Jan 1. [PMID: 17913701] (ICC/IF, Mouse)

Reviews for LC3B Antibody (NB100-2220) (44)

Average Rating: 4.8

(Based on 44 reviews)

We have 44 reviews tested in 6 species: Human, Mouse, Rat, Mouse and Human, Other, murine.

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 06/11/2019

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: 20 ug whole cell lysate
• Species: Human
• Lot: CN

Comments

• Comments: 1;1000 dilution of antibody in 20ug of protein worked well.

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 06/02/2019

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: 20 ug whole cell lysate
• Species: Human
• Lot: DC

reviewed by: Anonymous ICC Human 02/21/2019

Summary

• Application: Immunocytochemistry
• Sample Tested: hela cell
• Species: Human
• Lot: EC

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Mouse 01/29/2019

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: HL-1 cell lysate
• Species: Mouse
• Lot: DG-1

reviewed by: Marie Lassont Simple Western Mouse 01/28/2019

Summary

• Application: Simple Western
• Sample Tested: mouse brain tisseu lysate
• Species: Mouse
• Lot: DQ-1

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 07/17/2018

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: THP-1 whole cell lysate
• Species: Human
• Lot: AQ-1

Comments

• Comments: THP-1 cells were treated with Rapamycin &#40;100nm&#41; for 24h. Total cell lysates were subjected to western blot. PVDF membrane were probed with 1mm/ml Human LC3B Antibody &#40;NB100-2220&#41; Antibody. A specific band was detected for LC3B I and LC3B II at approximately 13~15 kDa. This experiment was conducted under reducing conditions

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 06/07/2018

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: whole cell lysate,fibroblasts whole cell extract
• Species: Human
• Lot: DJ-1

reviewed by: Anonymous ICC Human 05/18/2018

Summary

• Application: Immunocytochemistry
• Sample Tested: hela cell,HEK 293
• Species: Human
• Lot: DK-2

reviewed by: Dongkai Guo WB Mouse and Human 05/10/2018

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: NIH3T3, HeLa, HEK293T, N2a neuroblastoma, Q7 striatal, Sy5Y neuroblastoma
• Species: Mouse and Human
• Lot: DK-2

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Mouse 02/22/2018

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: cochlea
• Species: Mouse
• Lot: DQ-1

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Mouse and Human 11/25/2017

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: mouse hepatocytes and HepG2 cells
• Species: Mouse and Human
• Lot: DM-1

reviewed by: Kate Kosmac IHC-Fr Human 08/23/2017

Summary

• Application: Immunohistochemistry-Frozen
• Sample Tested: Human skeletal muscle
• Species: Human
• Lot: CX

Comments

• Comments: For LC3: Fresh-frozen sections were acetone fixed, washed with TBST(1% Tween), blocked for 1 hr with TBST, 5% NGS and incubated ON at 4C with primary antibody. LC3 staining was amplified with biotin followed by a directly conjugated streptavidin.

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Rat 07/14/2017

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: NRK rat normal kidney cell line
• Species: Rat

Comments

• Comments: Used at 1:2500. Please see publication (Lee WK et al. Arch Toxicol 2017, in press) for details.
  
  NOVUSCITED

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 04/12/2017

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: 20 ug whole cell lysate
• Species: Human
• Lot: DH-2

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Mouse 03/23/2017

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Macrophage
• Species: Mouse
• Lot: DG-1

reviewed by: Paola Menichini WB Human 03/14/2017

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: MDA MB 231 whole cell lysates and conditioned medium
• Species: Human

reviewed by: Anonymous WB murine 02/14/2017

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: murine bone marrow derived macrophages
• Species: murine

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Rat 01/18/2017

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Chondrocyte cell lysate
• Species: Rat
• Lot: CL

reviewed by: Anonymous IF Mouse 01/29/2016

Summary

• Application: Immunofluorescence
• Sample Tested: mouse HSPCs
• Species: Mouse

Blocking

• Blocking Details: 5% fetal bovine serum in PBS for 1 h at RM.

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: 1:1000, overnight, 4-C, in PBS.

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: rhodamine (red) conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (sc-2095)
• Secondary Manufacturer Cat#: sc-2095
• Secondary Concentration: 0.4ug/ml

Details

• Detection Notes: Olympus IX71
• Fixation Details: Cells were fixed by 4% PFA in PBS for 10 min at RT and then permeabilized in 0.5% Triton X-100 PBS for 10 min.
• Wash Description: 0.5% PBST 5min X 3 times

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Mouse 01/29/2016

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: mouse HSPCs
• Species: Mouse

Blocking

• Blocking Details: 5% fat-free milk in PBS

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: 1:5000, overnight, 4C, 5% fat-free milk in PBST (0.5%TWEEN-20)

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP
• Secondary Manufacturer Cat#: sc-2004
• Secondary Concentration: 0.2ug/ml

Details

• Detection Notes: ECL, EXPOSEURE TIME:30s

reviewed by: Anonymous Simple Western Mouse 01/21/2016

Summary

• Application: Simple Western
• Sample Tested: mouse brain tisseu lysate
• Species: Mouse

Blocking

• Blocking Details: n/a

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: 1:200

Details

• Detection Notes: Wes Simple Western platform

reviewed by: Anonymous Simple Western Human 01/21/2016

Summary

• Application: Simple Western
• Sample Tested: SH-SY5Y cell lysate
• Species: Human

Blocking

• Blocking Details: n/a

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: 1:200

Details

• Detection Notes: Wes Simple Western platform

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Mouse 01/20/2016

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Mouse eye tissue
• Species: Mouse

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Blocking with 5% milk in TBST at room temperature for 1 hr

Details

• Detection Notes: LC3 antibody was diluted by 1000 times. ECL was used as substrate. Detect with ImageQuant.

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 07/25/2015

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Human prostate cancer cell line (PC3)
• Species: Human

Blocking

• Blocking Details: 5% milk in TBS buffer supplemented with 0.1% tween20 at room temperature for one hour

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: 1:10000

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Anti-Rabbit secondary diluted at 1:10000 in 5% milk
• Secondary Manufacturer Cat#: SC-2004
• Secondary Concentration: 0.4 mg/ml

Details

• Detection Notes: Western blotting using ECL reagent (purchased from GE life sciences) and x-ray films.

reviewed by: Chunhui Sun WB Human 01/30/2015

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Whole cell lysate
• Species: Human

Blocking

• Blocking Details: BSA, 5%, 1 hour, RT

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Goat anti-rabbit IgG

Details

• Detection Notes: ECL

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Other 01/20/2015

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Guinea pig ling, liver and heart
• Species: Other

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Membrane Blocking Solution, Cat# 00-0105 (Life Technologies)

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: 1:500

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody #7074 (Cell Signaling Technology)
• Secondary Manufacturer Cat#: #7074
• Secondary Concentration: 1:1000

Details

• Detection Notes: 5 seconds

reviewed by: Liyong Zhang WB Mouse 06/26/2014

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Species: Mouse
• File: View PDF

reviewed by: Lindsy Dickerson WB Mouse 06/13/2014

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Mouse
• Species: Mouse

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 03/27/2014

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Species: Human
• Lot: BK-1
• File: View PDF

reviewed by: Ashwini Katre IHC Human 02/28/2014

Summary

• Application: Immunohistochemistry
• Sample Tested: Ovarian cancer tissue
• Species: Human
• Lot: BJ-1

Blocking

• Blocking Details: 10% goat serum room temp 1 hour

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: 1:200 in 10% goat serum

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: goat anti rabbit HRP polymer from vector labs

Details

• Detection Notes: DAB for 3 min
• Fixation Details: Antigen retrieval in pH6 citrate buffer pressure cook for 5 min
• Wash Description: 1XPBS 3minX3

reviewed by: Anonymous IHC-P Rat 01/16/2014

Summary

• Application: Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin
• Sample Tested: Rat brain
• Species: Rat

reviewed by: Angela NIE WB Mouse 02/12/2013

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: mouse ventricle
• Species: Mouse

Blocking

• Blocking Details: 5%milk TBST

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: 5%BSA TBST

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: anti-rabbit

Details

• Detection Notes: ECL

reviewed by: Myriam Elschami WB Mouse 12/12/2012

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: HL-1 cell lysate
• Species: Mouse
• Comments: The antibody very specifically stains LC3-I and LC3-II, nicely allowing for the quantification of autophagy by western blotting.

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Odyssey Blocking buffer/PBST 1:1; 1h Room temperature

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: 1:1000 in Odyssey Blocking buffer/PBST 1:1, over night, 4°C

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: goat anti rabbit IRDye 800CW
• Secondary Manufacturer Cat#: Li-Cor # 926-32211
• Secondary Concentration: 1:20000 of 1mg/ml stock

Details

• Detection Notes: Licor Imaging

Comments

• Comments: The antibody very specifically stains LC3-I and LC3-II, nicely allowing for the quantification of autophagy by western blotting.

reviewed by: Tania Rogan WB 08/10/2012

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Special Applications: I have tried several LC3 antibodies including ones from MBL and Cell Signaling. Novus' antibody was by far most sensitive, and probably cleaner in terms of number and intensity of the non-specific bands it reacted with. Out of 3 antibodies I ended up using Novus' antibody for staining in vitro and in vivo samples.
• File: View PDF

reviewed by: Angela NIE WB Rat 01/09/2012

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: H9C2 extract, Sample Amount: 20ug
• Species: Rat
• Lot: A-K
• Comments: The testing results were good. I am pleased with this Antibody.

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Blocking Buffer: 5% Milk in TBST, Blocking Time: 1 hour, Blocking Temp: Room temperature

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: Dilution Ratio: 1:1000, Incubation Dilution Buffer: TBST, Incubation Time: 4C,O/N, Incubation Temp: 4 degrees Celsius

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Secondary Ab: Donkey anti Rabbit (GE Healthcare Life Sciences #NA934V)
• Secondary Manufacturer Cat#: na934v,GE health

Details

• Detection Notes: Detection Method: ECL Plus, Exposure Time: 3 seconds, Specific Bands: 17kd kDa

Comments

• Comments: The testing results were good. I am pleased with this Antibody.

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 12/05/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Human
• Species: Human
• Comments: Clear

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Blocking Buffer: FBS

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: Primary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:5000, Primary Ab Incubation Time: overnight, Primary Ab Incubation Temp: 4 degrees Celsius

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Secondary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:5000

Details

• Detection Notes: Detection Method: ECL

Comments

• Comments: Clear

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Mouse 11/21/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Mouse
• Species: Mouse
• Comments: Clear

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Blocking Buffer: 5% milk, Blocking Time: 1 hour, Blocking Temp: Room temperature

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: Primary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:500, Primary Ab Incubation Time: overnight, Primary Ab Incubation Temp: 4 degrees Celsius

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Secondary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:20000

Details

• Detection Notes: Detection Method: HRP ECL

Comments

• Comments: Clear

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 11/21/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Human
• Species: Human

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Blocking Buffer: 5% non-fat milk in TBST

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: Primary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:500, Primary Ab Incubation Time: overnight

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Secondary Ab: anti-rabbit

Details

• Detection Notes: Detection Method: Western Lighting plus ECL

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Mouse 11/16/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Mouse
• Species: Mouse

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Blocking Buffer: BSA

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: Primary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:1000, Primary Ab Incubation Time: overnight

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Secondary Ab: anti-rabbit HRP

Details

• Detection Notes: Detection Method: ECL

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 11/03/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Human
• Species: Human

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Blocking Buffer: 5% Milk

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: Primary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:8000, Primary Ab Incubation Time: overnight, Primary Ab Incubation Temp: 4 degrees Celsius

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Secondary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:10000

Details

• Detection Notes: Detection Method: ECL

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 10/31/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Human
• Species: Human
• Comments: Clear and significant!

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Blocking Buffer: 5% Milk in TBST

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: Primary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:1000, Primary Ab Incubation Time: overnight, Primary Ab Incubation Temp: 4 degrees Celsius

Details

• Detection Notes: Detection Method: ECL

Comments

• Comments: Clear and significant!

reviewed by: Anonymous WB Human 10/31/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Human
• Species: Human

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Blocking Buffer: 5% non-fat milk

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: Primary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:2000, Primary Ab Incubation Time: overnight

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Secondary Ab: Goat-anti Rabbit

Details

• Detection Notes: Detection Method: ECL

reviewed by: Devin Wolfe WB Mouse 07/21/2010

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Murine Blastocyst Derived Cells, Sample Amount: 30ug
• Species: Mouse
• Comments: This particular antibody worked beautifully for WB, with one minor caveat. After repeated usage, the binding of the antibody to LC3-I seems to drop off significantly vs. LC3-II, making quantification of LC3 levels in reference to each isoform significantly more challenging, and borderline impossible due to these fluctuations. Again, was specific, looked good, but lost potency for LC3-I after repeated usage.

Blocking

• Blocking Details: Blocking Buffer: 5% milk in TBST, Blocking Time: 1 hour, Blocking Temp: 25 degrees Celsius

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: Dilution Ratio: 1:1000, Incubation Dilution Buffer: 1% BSA in TBST, Incubation Time: 1 hour, Incubation Temp: 25 C

Secondary Antibody

• Secondary Description: Secondary Ab: anti-rabbit HRP conjugated, Secondary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:5000

Details

• Detection Notes: Detection Method: Hydrogen Peroxide ECL kit, Exposure Time: 5 minutes, Specific Bands: 15 and 17 kDa

Comments

• Comments: This particular antibody worked beautifully for WB, with one minor caveat. After repeated usage, the binding of the antibody to LC3-I seems to drop off significantly vs. LC3-II, making quantification of LC3 levels in reference to each isoform significantly more challenging, and borderline impossible due to these fluctuations. Again, was specific, looked good, but lost potency for LC3-I after repeated usage.

reviewed by: Anonymous IP Other 06/15/2009

Summary

• Application: Immunoprecipitation
• Sample Tested: IP Sample
• Species: Other
• Comments: I used both NB100-2220ss and NB100-2331ss for IP, NB100-2220ss works very well, but not NB100-2331ss. Detected with NB600-1384. Lysate Amount: 0.25mg, Ab Dilution Ratio: 20ug/250ug lysate, Protein Capture: Protein A + Protein B, Protein Reduction: RIPA buffer

Primary Anitbody

• Dilution Ratio: Primary Ab Dilution Ratio: 1:1000, Primary Ab Incubation Time: 3 hours, Primary Ab Incubation Temp: 4 degrees Celsius

Comments

• Comments: I used both NB100-2220ss and NB100-2331ss for IP, NB100-2220ss works very well, but not NB100-2331ss. Detected with NB600-1384. Lysate Amount: 0.25mg, Ab Dilution Ratio: 20ug/250ug lysate, Protein Capture: Protein A + Protein B, Protein Reduction: RIPA buffer

FAQs for LC3B Antibody (NB100-2220). (Showing 1 - 10 of 10 FAQs).

1. Hello, somewhere on the LC3B antibody page I read it is recommended to use a 0.2uM membrane for western blot?
   • Yes, because LC3B-I is about 14-15 kDa and LC3B-II is even even smaller, the protein may slip through the 0.45 uM membrane and be lost during blotting. However, there has been success using 0.45 uM membranes; a 0.2 uM membrane is something to consider if no signal is detected.
2. What are the best blocking conditions for NB100-2220?
   • The conditions we have had the most success with are 5% milk + 1% BSA as the block. Our lab also recommends doing an overnight incubation as this is how we run our QC tests in the lab at 4 degrees C.
3. Is NB100-2220 the same or different from NBP-48614?
   • NB100-2220 is an anti-LC3 Ab. It is similar to NBP1-48614, however they are different Abs. NB100-2220 is specific for only LC3B where as NBP1-48614 is specific for only LC3A I would recommend NB100-2220 if you would like to detect LC3B as it has been in 48 published papers and it has very good reviews. NB100-2220 does detect both LCI and LCII.
4. What proteins are recognized by this antibody? On the datasheet, the Specificity section states 'This antibody is specific for LC3B.' However, in the Gene Symbol is listed as MAP1LC3A and the protein sequence Q9H492 is for MAP1LC3A. Can you tell me which target the antibody recognizes?
   • This antibody was designed to detect both LC3I and LC3II, but we have experienced through our testing that it much more routinely picks up LC3B. It will sometimes pick up both bands, but it depends on how the cells are prepared often times if they are induced to express that second LC3A band, which is why we have it named as LC3B. We have other LC3 antibodies that do pick up both bands regularly.
5. What is the isotype of this antibody? I would like to find an isotype control.
   • This is a polyclonal antibody from rabbit. The isotype of this antibody, and all rabbit antibodies, will be IgG. A list of our rabbit secondary antibodies can be found at this link.
6. Does this antibody also recognizes LC3A and LC3C?
   • This antibody was raised using a synthetic peptide made to an N-terminal portion of the human LC3 protein sequence as immunogen and is expected to detect LC3B protein. The immunogenic sequence employed does not have any similarity to LC3A or LC3C and hence we do not expect any cross-reactivity. This product is one of our best sellers with great customer reviews, as well as with citations in at least 160 peer reviewed publications.
7. Hello,I already have the antibody, but I was wondering if you could tell me the percent identity to a specific zebrafish LC3 protein. I know it says it works in zebrafish, but we have three and the one I am interested in is the one expressed maternally--- F1QKC7. Here is the Alignment to the human protein your antibody was made. Would you just look at it quick and tell me if the 10 aa peptide is one that is highly similar (like for example aa's 66-71). http://www.uniprot.org/align/2013102541KABHU792. LC3 Antibody (NB100-2220) It is very closely related to my maternal expressed protein. I was just wanting to confirm that it is the right thing and not background staining that I am seeing.
   • Based on the actual immunogen sequence, I am only seeing a 31% homology to the zebrafish sequence you have provided. While the homology is low, there is still a possibility that the antibody could recognize the zebrafish protein. Just for your information, the zebrafish sequence we used for validation was accession number Q7ZUD8. I can offer a few suggestions to verify specific staining in your samples: If it is possible, I would verify by western blot with your tissue. If you can validate by two applications, the staining seen is most likely specific. With the staining, I would run a secondary only or isotype control to ensure that any background staining is not coming from the secondary antibody or other interaction. If you do have access to a knock-down or knock-out, this would be the most ideal way to verify specific staining.
8. We just bought the LC3 antibody (NB100-2220) from your company, and this product arrived at our lab today. Unfortunately, I just found that the label on the antibody vial showed "pAB LC3 antibody", so we are confused with the "p", what does "P"mean, usually it means"phosphorylated". So, I am wondering what does "p" mean, as the phosphorylated antibody is not we wanted. BTW, the datasheet of this product never mentioned the "phosphorylated"
   • I am sorry for any confusion. "pAB" stands for polyclonal antibody. Our NB100-2220 is not phosphorylated.
9. I want to know how the lc3 antibody (nb100-2220) was produced and purified?
   • Of course. It is immunogen affinity purified. The immunogen is A synthetic peptide made to an N-terminal portion of the human LC3 protein sequence (between residues 1-100)
10. Why are there two bands present when I use LC3B antibody NB100-2220 for a western blot of LC3B?
    • LC3 is a soluble protein with a molecular mass of ∼17 kDa and is distributed ubiquitously in eukaryotes. It is expressed as the splice variants LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C. All LC3 isoforms undergo post-translational modifications, especially PE conjugation (lipidation) during autophagy. Upon autophagic signal, the cytosolic form of LC3 (LC3-I) is conjugated to PE to form LC3-PE conjugate (LC3-II), which is recruited to the autophagosomal membranes. For more information, you can refer to our resource page at: https://www.novusbio.com/support/faqs-autophagy-and-lc3

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: MAP1LC3B