LC3A Antibody - BSA Free

Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - High autophagosome concentration is consumed during early immortalized human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated under osteogenic conditions (see Materials and methods) and assayed for changes in LC3I and LC3II during a 72-hour window. Cells were differentiated under standard conditions (top) or with addition of 5 uM rapamycin (middle) or 5 nM bafilomycin (bottom) for the first 3 hours of differentiation to modulate autophagy. Immunoblots were performed for LC3 at the indicated time points to assess autophagosome degradation via relative changes in LC3II (lower band; 17 kDa). Studies were repeated three times with similar trends seen consistently. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//stemcellres.com/content/5/6/140), licensed under a CC-BY license.

Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Analysis in PFA fixed NIH/3T3 cells using anti-LC3A antibody. Image from verified customer review.

Immunohistochemistry: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Staining in mouse meniscus and cartilage. Image from verified customer review.

Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Autophagy mobilized during differentiation of immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (ihMSCs). Cultured ihMSCs were stimulated to undergo osteogenesis to form osteoblasts for 30 days at 21% and 4% oxygen. LC3I and LC3II levels were assessed via immunoblot every 10 days and normalized to beta-actin to derive average LC3II band densities. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25523618/) licensed under a CC-BY license.

Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Autophagy mobilized during differentiation of immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (ihMSCs). Cultured ihMSCs were stimulated to undergo osteogenesis to form osteoblasts for 30 days at 21% and 4% oxygen. LC3I and LC3II levels were assessed via immunoblot every 10 days and normalized to beta-actin to derive average LC3II band densities. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//stemcellres.com/content/5/6/140), licensed under a CC-BY license.

Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - This LC3A antibody Image shows Analysis in human cell lysates.

Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - This LC3A antibody Image shows analysis of heart tissue lysates from mice which were subjected or not to 48 hours of starvation. The signal was developed using ECL method and this LC3 antibody was found to detect both forms of LC3, i.e. LC3A and LC3B. As expected, the levels of LC3B form were higher in the heart tissue lysates from starved mice.

Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Detection of HRP conjugated autophagic LC3 in mouse ES cell lysate. The atg5-/- lane (ES cells, cultured to form embryonic bodies, that are deficient in conversion of LC3-1 to LC3-11) demonstrates the specificity of NB 100-2331, as there is no detection of LC3-11. Photo courtesy of Dr. Beth Levine, UT Southwestern Medical Center.

Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - This LC3A antibody Image shows an analysis in HeLa cells using anti-LC3 antibody (red). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Left panel shows untreated HeLa cells. Right panel shows HeLa cells that were treated with 50 uM CQ overnight. Cells were fixed for 10 minutes using 10% formalin and then permeabilized for 5 minutes using 1X PBS + 0.05% Triton X-100. The cells were incubated with anti-LC3A antibody at 5 ug/mL overnight at 4C and detected with an anti-mouse DyLight 488 (Green) at a 1:500. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Blue). Cells were imaged using a 40X objective.

Immunohistochemistry: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Rapamycin increases autophagy in brains of PDAPP mice. Representative epifluorescent (c200x) image of hippocampal CA1 in control- and rapamycin-fed transgenic PDAPP mice stained with an anti-LC3 antibody. An increase in LC3-immunoreactive puncta was observed in CA1 projections of transgenic PDAPP mice following rapamycin administration. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009979) licensed under a CC-BY license.

Immunohistochemistry: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Analysis in mouse renal tissue. Image from verifed customer review.

Simple Western: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Image shows a specific band for LC3 in 0.5 mg/mL of Neuro2A lysate. This experiment was performed under reducing conditions using the 12-230 kDa separation system.

• Reactivity: Hu, Mu, Rt, Am, Ca, Fi, Pl, Ze, Bv
• Applications: WB, Simple Western, ChIP, ELISA, Flow, ICC/IF, IHC, IP, NULL, WB, ChIP, IHC
• Clonality: Polyclonal
• Host: Rabbit
• Conjugate: Unconjugated
• Format: BSA Free
• Concentration: 1.0 mg/ml

LC3A Antibody - BSA Free Summary

• Immunogen: This LC3A Antibody was prepared from a synthetic peptide made to an internal portion of the human LC3 protein sequence (between residues 25-121). [Uniprot: Q9H492].
• Localization: LC3-I is cytoplasmic. LC3-II binds to the autophagic membranes.
• Marker: Autophagosome Marker
• Specificity: This LC3A Antibody detects both LC3A and LC3B.
• Predicted Species: Bovine (100%). Backed by our 100% Guarantee.
• Isotype: IgG
• Clonality: Polyclonal
• Host: Rabbit
• Gene: MAP1LC3A
• Purity: Immunogen affinity purified

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
  • Chromatin Immunoprecipitation reported in scientific literature (PMID 33035707)
  • ELISA reported in scientific literature (PMID 20930550)
  • Flow Cytometry reported in scientific literature (PMID 24419333)
  • Immunoblotting reported in scientific literature (PMID 28253371)
  • Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence 1:100-1:300. Use reported in scientific literature (PMID 21545732)
  • Immunohistochemistry Whole-Mount reported in scientific literature (PMID 31783118)
  • Immunohistochemistry 1:200-1:400
  • Immunohistochemistry-Frozen
  • Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin 1:200-1:400. Use reported in scientific literature (PMID 26571030)
  • Immunoprecipitation 20 ug / 500 ug of lysate
  • Simple Western 1:50
  • Southern Blot
  • Western Blot 2.0 ug/ml
• Application Notes: Western blot bands are seen at ~19 kDa, representing LC3-I, and ~17 kDa, representing LC3-II. The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. Use in Southern blot reported in scientific literature (PMID: 21262964). In ICC, cytoplasmic staining was observed in HeLa cells. In Simple Western only 10 - 15 uL of the recommended dilution is used per data point.
• Control:

  Mouse Brain Whole Tissue Lysate (Adult Whole Normal)
  Human Brain Whole Tissue Lysate (Adult Whole Normal)
  Neuro2a Whole Cell Lysate
  Neuro2a Chloroquine Treated / Untreated Cell Lysate
  HeLa Chloroquine Treated / Untreated Cell Lysate

Reactivity Notes

Use in Rat reported in scientific literature (PMID:33678798). Use in Amphibian reported in scientific literature (PMID:29777142).

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Aliquot and store at -20C or -80C. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
• Buffer: PBS
• Preservative: 0.02% Sodium Azide
• Concentration: 1.0 mg/ml
• Purity: Immunogen affinity purified

Alternate Names for LC3A Antibody - BSA Free

• Apg8
• APG8a
• Apg8p3
• ATG8E
• Autophagy-related protein LC3 A
• Autophagy-related ubiquitin-like modifier LC3 A
• LC3
• LC3A
• MAP1 light chain 3-like protein 1
• MAP1A/1B light chain 3 A
• MAP1A/MAP1B LC3 A
• MAP1A/MAP1B light chain 3 A
• MAP1ALC3
• MAP1BLC3
• MAP1LC3A
• Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha
• microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3
• microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A
• MLP3A

Background

Human Microtubule-associated Protein 1A/1B Light Chain 3A (MAP1LC3A), also called LC3A for short, is a 121 amino acid (aa) protein with a theoretic molecular weight of ~14 kDa. LC3A belongs to the LC3 subfamily of Autophagy-related 8 (Atg8) proteins, which also includes LC3B and LC3C (1). The process of autophagy is the bulk degradation of proteins and organelles. Whether these three proteins have distinct roles in autophagy remains unclear, but they do have unique subcellular expression (2). Specifically, LC3A shows perinuclear and nuclear localization (2). The Atg8 family members share a similar structure of two amino-terminal alpha-helices and a ubiquitin-like core but are unique in aa sequence (1). LC3 utilizes a ubiquitin-like conjugation system to covalently bind to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), also called lipidation, which is mediated by a series of steps (1, 3). Briefly, unprocessed, cytosolic LC3 (pro-LC3) is cleaved by the cysteine protease Atg4 to expose a c-terminal glycine (Gly) residue (LC3-I); the Gly is activated by E1-like enzyme Atg7, transferred to E2-like enzyme Atg3, and an E3-like complex facilitates the conjugation of LC3 with PE (LC3-II), incorporating it into the phagophore membrane during autophagosome formation (1, 3). The recruitment of LC3 to the phagophore is thought to mediate membrane elongation and closure (1, 3). Additionally, LC3 plays a role in recruiting cargo (protein aggregates, pathogens, and organelles) to autophagosomes and delivery for lysosomal degradation (1).

The process of autophagy is associated with a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, neuromuscular, tumorigenesis, and viral and bacterial infections (4). LC3 is a useful marker of autophagy in both healthy and diseased cells (4). Interestingly, LC3A has two variants (v1 and v2) which differ in N-terminal sequence due to the varying transcriptional start sites (5). One particular study found that LC3Av1, but not v2 or LC3B, was silenced in various cancer cell lines due to aberrant DNA methylation and re-expression of LC3Av1 in LC3Av1-silenced cells inhibited tumor growth, where overall findings suggest a possible tumor-suppressive role (5).

Alternative names for LC3A include Apg8, APG8a, ATG8E, Autophagy-related protein LC3 A, Autophagy-related ubiquitin-like modifier LC3 A, MAP1A/1B light chain 3 A, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3, and MLP3A.

References

1. Shpilka, T., Weidberg, H., Pietrokovski, S., & Elazar, Z. (2011). Atg8: an autophagy-related ubiquitin-like protein family. Genome biology. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2011-12-7-226

2. Koukourakis, M. I., Kalamida, D., Giatromanolaki, A., Zois, C. E., Sivridis, E., Pouliliou, S., Mitrakas, A., Gatter, K. C., & Harris, A. L. (2015). Autophagosome Proteins LC3A, LC3B and LC3C Have Distinct Subcellular Distribution Kinetics and Expression in Cancer Cell Lines. PloS one. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137675

3. Weidberg, H., Shvets, E., & Elazar, Z. (2011). Biogenesis and cargo selectivity of autophagosomes. Annual review of biochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-052709-094552

4. Tanida, I., Ueno, T., & Kominami, E. (2004). LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009

5. Schaaf, M. B., Keulers, T. G., Vooijs, M. A., & Rouschop, K. M. (2016). LC3/GABARAP family proteins: autophagy-(un)related functions. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201600698R

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Publications for LC3A Antibody (NB100-2331)(282)

Publications using NB100-2331

• Kocaturk NM, Peker N, Eberhart K et al. Novel protein complexes containing autophagy and UPS components regulate proteasome-dependent PARK2 recruitment onto mitochondria and PARK2-PARK6 activity during mitophagy Cell death & disease 2022-11-10 [PMID: 36357363] (WB, Human)
• Lisi L, Pizzoferrato M, Ciotti GMP et al. mTOR Inhibition Is Effective against Growth, Survival and Migration, but Not against Microglia Activation in Preclinical Glioma Models International journal of molecular sciences 2023-06-07 [PMID: 37372982] (WB, Human)
  
  Details:
  1:250 WB dilution
• Cui Y, Guo H, Zhang Q et al. The combination of high glucose and LPS induces autophagy in bovine kidney epithelial cells via the Notch3/mTOR signaling pathway BMC veterinary research 2022-08-11 [PMID: 35953831] (ICC/IF, WB, Bovine)
  
  Details:
  Dilution used for ICC 1:100, dilution used for WB 1:1000
• Jiang R, Smailovic U, Haytural H et al. Increased CSF-decorin predicts brain pathological changes driven by Alzheimer's A beta amyloidosis Acta neuropathologica communications 2022-07-04 [PMID: 35787306] (WB, Mouse)
• Akkoc Y, Dalci K, Karakas HE et al. Tumor-derived CTF1 (cardiotrophin 1) is a critical mediator of stroma-assisted and autophagy-dependent breast cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis Autophagy 2022-06-28 [PMID: 35722965]
• Yamashita A, Ignatenko O, Nguyen M et al. Depletion of LONP2 unmasks differential requirements for peroxisomal function between cell types and in cholesterol metabolism bioRxiv 2023-03-19 (WB)
• Jiang R, Shimozawa M, Mayer J et al. Autophagy Impairment in App Knock-in Alzheimer's Model Mice Frontiers in aging neuroscience 2022-05-19 [PMID: 35663567] (WB, Mouse)
• Record M, Attia M, Carayon K et al. Targeting the liver X receptor with dendrogenin A differentiates tumour cells to secrete immunogenic exosome-enriched vesicles Journal of extracellular vesicles [PMID: 35411723] (ICC/IF, Mouse, Human)
• Gawande DY, S Narasimhan KK, Bhatt JM et al. Glutamate delta 1 receptor regulates autophagy mechanisms and affects excitatory synapse maturation in the somatosensory cortex Pharmacological research 2022-03-15 [PMID: 35304260] (WB, Mouse)
• Abdelrahman RS, El-Tanbouly GS Protocatechuic acid protects against thioacetamide-induced chronic liver injury and encephalopathy in mice via modulating mTOR, p53 and the IL-6/ IL-17/ IL-23 immunoinflammatory pathway Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2022-02-22 [PMID: 35202709] (FLOW, Mouse)
• yin R, Wang H, Li C et al. Induction of apoptosis and autosis in cardiomyocytes by the combination of homocysteine and copper via NOX-mediated p62 expression Cell death discovery 2022-02-21 [PMID: 35190552]
• Xu Z, Fu T, Guo Q et al. Disuse-associated loss of the protease LONP1 in muscle impairs mitochondrial function and causes reduced skeletal muscle mass and strength Nature communications 2022-02-16 [PMID: 35173176] (WB, Mouse)
• Lee H, Kwon YJ, Jin H et al. Anticancer activity and metabolic profile alterations by ortho-topolin riboside in in vitro and in vivo models of non-small cell lung cancer FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2022-02-01 [PMID: 35066937]
• Asare PF, Tran HB, Hurtado PR et al. Inhibition of LC3-associated phagocytosis in COPD and in response to cigarette smoke Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease 2021-12-02 [PMID: 34852704] (ICC/IF, IHC-P, Human, Mouse)
• Lu J, Zhong C, Luo J Et al. HnRNP-L-regulated circCSPP1/miR-520h/EGR1 axis modulates autophagy and promotes progression in prostate cancer Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids 2021-12-01 [PMID: 34760337] (WB, Human)
• Nurmi K, Niemi K, Kareinen I Et al. Native and oxidised lipoproteins negatively regulate the serum amyloid A-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human macrophages Clinical & translational immunology 2021-08-03 [PMID: 34377468] (WB, Human)
• Li Lp, Zhong J, Li Mh Et Al. Disruption of MAP7D1 Gene Function Increases the Risk of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure BioMed research international 2021-07-15 [PMID: 34327238] (WB)
• Bowles Kr, Silva Mc, Whitney K Et Al. ELAVL4, splicing, and glutamatergic dysfunction precede neuron loss in MAPT mutation cerebral organoids Cell 2021-07-21 [PMID: 34314701] (WB)
• Amaya C, Cameron Cjf, Devarkar Sc Et Al. Nodal modulator (NOMO) is required to sustain endoplasmic reticulum morphology The Journal of biological chemistry 2021-07-03 [PMID: 34224731] (WB)
• Cachon-Gonzalez Mb, Wang S, Cox Tm Expression of Ripk1 and DAM genes correlates with severity and progression of Krabbe disease Human molecular genetics 2021-06-25 [PMID: 34172992] (IF/IHC)
• Kang HK, Sarsenova M, Kim DH et al. Establishing a 3D In Vitro Hepatic Model Mimicking Physiologically Relevant to In Vivo State Cells 2021-05-20 [PMID: 34065411] (WB, Human)
• Sayed WM, Elzainy A Impact of platelet-rich plasma versus selenium in ameliorating induced toxicity in rat testis: histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular study Cell and tissue research 2021-04-01 [PMID: 33791879] (WB, Rat)
• Kim J, Kim SH, Kang H et al. TFEB-GDF15 axis protects against obesity and insulin resistance as a lysosomal stress response Nature metabolism 2021-03-01 [PMID: 33758420]
• Huang Y, Liu HT, Yuan Y et al. Exercise Preconditioning Increases Beclin1 and Induces Autophagy to Promote Early Myocardial Protection via Intermittent Myocardial Ischemia-Hypoxia International heart journal 2021-03-30 [PMID: 33678798] (WB, Rat)
• Manganelli V, Capozzi A, Recalchi S et al. The Role of Cardiolipin as a Scaffold Mitochondrial Phospholipid in Autophagosome Formation: In Vitro Evidence Biomolecules 2021-02-05 [PMID: 33562550] (WB, Human)
• Ordog K, Horvath O, Eros K, et al. Mitochondrial protective effects of PARP-inhibition in hypertension-induced myocardial remodeling and in stressed cardiomyocytes Life sciences 2021-01-06 [PMID: 33421523] (WB, Rat)
• Zhuang L, Ly R, Rosl F, Niebler M p53 Is Regulated in a Biphasic Manner in Hypoxic Human Papillomavirus Type 16 (HPV16)-Positive Cervical Cancer Cells International journal of molecular sciences 2020-12-15 [PMID: 33333786] (WB, Human)
• Pargianas M, Kosmas I, Papageorgiou K et al. Follicle inhibition at the primordial stage without increasing apoptosis, with a combination of everolimus, verapamil Mol Biol Rep 2020-10-20 [PMID: 33079326]
• Moon Y, Kim I, Chang S et al. Sigma-1 receptor regulates mitophagy in dopaminergic neurons and contributes to dopaminergic protection Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2020-10-26 [PMID: 33035707] (WB, Chemotaxis, Mouse, Human)
• Manganelli V, Matarrese P, Antonioli M et al. Raft-like lipid microdomains drive autophagy initiation via AMBRA1-ERLIN1 molecular association within MAMs Autophagy 2020-10-23 [PMID: 33034545] (WB, Human)
• Leist SR, Dinnon KH, SchAfer A et al. A Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV-2 Induces Acute Lung Injury and Mortality in Standard Laboratory Mice Cell 2020-09-23 [PMID: 33031744] (WB, SARS-CoV)
• Fucci C, Resnati M, Riva E et al. The Interaction of the Tumor Suppressor FAM46C with p62 and FNDC3 Proteins Integrates Protein and Secretory Homeostasis Cell Rep 2020-09-22 [PMID: 32966780]
• Dong W, Luo Y, Zhang G et al. Carbon Nanospheres Exert Antitumor Effects Associated with Downregulation of 4E-BP1 Expression on Prostate Cancer Int J Nanomedicine 2020-08-05 [PMID: 32848387] (WB, Human)
• Nettesheim A, Dixon A, Shim MS et al. Autophagy in the Aging and Experimental Ocular Hypertensive Mouse Model Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2020-08-03 [PMID: 32797200] (WB, Mouse)
• Zhang R, Varela M, Forn-CunI G et al. Deficiency in the autophagy modulator Dram1 exacerbates pyroptotic cell death of Mycobacteria-infected macrophages Cell Death Dis 2020-04-24 [PMID: 32332700] (WB, Zebrafish)
• Fedele A, Proud C Chloroquine and bafilomycin A mimic lysosomal storage disorders and impair mTORC1 signalling. Biosci Rep. 2020-04-30 [PMID: 32285908] (WB, Human)
• Li W, Dai Y, Shi B et Al. LRPPRC sustains Yap-P27-mediated cell ploidy and P62-HDAC6-mediated autophagy maturation and suppresses genome instability and hepatocellular carcinomas Oncogene 2020-03-16 [PMID: 32203162] (Mouse)
• Szekerczes T, Gogl A, Illyes I et Al. Autophagy, Mitophagy and MicroRNA Expression in Chronic Hepatitis C and Autoimmune Hepatitis Pathol. Oncol. Res. 2020-03-02 [PMID: 32124227] (IHC-P, Human)
• Cai K Altered expression levels of autophagy-associated proteins during exercise preconditioning indicate the involvement of autophagy in cardioprotection against exercise-induced myocardial injury J Physiol Sci 2020-02-17 [PMID: 32066368] (IF/IHC, Rat)
• Pomilio C, Gorojod R M et al. Microglial autophagy is impaired by prolonged exposure to beta-amyloid peptides: evidence from experimental models and Alzheimer's disease patients. Geroscience 2020-01-04 [PMID: 31975051] (ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Lindahl M, Chalazonitis A, Palm E et al. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor-deficiency leads to degeneration of enteric neurons and altered brain dopamine neuronal function in mice Neurobiol Dis. 2019-11-26 [PMID: 31783118] (IHC-WhMt, Mouse)
• Sarnyai F, SzekerczEs T, Csala M et al. BGP-15 Protects Mitochondria in Acute, Acetaminophen Overdose Induced Liver Injury Pathol. Oncol. Res. 2019-11-08 [PMID: 31705481] (IHC-P, Mouse)
• Bryant J, Batis N, Franke AC et al. Repurposed quinacrine synergizes with cisplatin, reducing the effective dose required for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Oncotarget 2019-08-27 [PMID: 31497252] (WB, Human)
• Ding Y, Dvornikov AV, Ma X et al. Haploinsufficiency of mechanistic target of rapamycin ameliorates bag3 cardiomyopathy in adult zebrafish Dis Model Mech 2019-09-06 [PMID: 31492659] (WB, Zebrafish)
• Yong T, Zhang X, Bie N et al. Tumor exosome-based nanoparticles are efficient drug carriers for chemotherapy Nat Commun 2019-08-23 [PMID: 31444335] (WB, Human)
• Gregosa A, Vinuesa A, Todero MF et al. Periodic dietary restriction ameliorates amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment in PDAPP-J20 mice: Potential implication of glial autophagy Neurobiol. Dis. 2019-07-24 [PMID: 31351172] (IHC-Fr, ICC/IF, Mouse)
• Liou YF, Chen PN, Chu SC et al. Thymoquinone suppresses the proliferation of renal cell carcinoma cells via reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis and reduces cell stemness Environ. Toxicol. 2019-07-12 [PMID: 31298468]
• Di Pardo A, Pepe G, Castaldo S et al. Stimulation of Sphingosine Kinase 1 (SPHK1) Is Beneficial in a Huntington's Disease Pre-clinical Model Front Mol Neurosci 2019-04-24 [PMID: 31068790] (WB, Mouse)
• Morelli, MB;Amantini, C;Tomassoni, D;Nabissi, M;Arcella, A;Santoni, G; Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin-1 Channels in Glioblastoma: Role in Patient's Survival Cancers (Basel) 2019-04-12 [PMID: 31013784] (WB, Human)
• Zhang R, Varela M, Vallentgoed W et al. The selective autophagy receptors Optineurin and p62 are both required for zebrafish host resistance to mycobacterial infection PLoS Pathog. 2019-02-27 [PMID: 30818338] (WB, Zebrafish)
• Hoffmann AC, Minakaki G, Menges S et al. Extracellular aggregated alpha synuclein primarily triggers lysosomal dysfunction in neural cells prevented by trehalose. Sci Rep 2019-01-24 [PMID: 30679445] (WB, Human)
• Minakaki G, Canneva F, Chevessier F et al. Treadmill exercise intervention improves gait and postural control in alpha-synuclein mouse models without inducing cerebral autophagy. Behav. Brain Res. 2018-12-29 [PMID: 30599154] (WB, Mouse)
• Hollins SL, Brock L, Barreto R et al. A Rodent Model of Anxiety: The Effect of Perinatal Immune Challenges on Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Integrity. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2018-11-09 [PMID: 30415249] (IF/IHC, Rat)
• Hanemaaijer E, Panahi M, Swaddiwudhipong N et al. Autophagy-lysosomal defect in human CADASIL vascular smooth muscle cells. European Journal of Cell Biology. 2018-10-01 [PMID: 30392756] (ICC/IF, Human)
• Ozturk DG, kocak M, Akcay A et al. MITF-MIR211 axis is a novel autophagy amplifier system during cellular stress. Autophagy. 2018-10-05 [PMID: 30290719] (WB, Human)
• Hirt J, Porter K, Dixon A et al. Contribution of autophagy to ocular hypertension and neurodegeneration in the DBA/2J spontaneous glaucoma mouse model. Cell Death Discovery 2018-07-17 [PMID: 30210817] (WB, Mouse)
• Schaffner I, Minakaki G, Khan MA et al. FoxO Function Is Essential for Maintenance of Autophagic Flux and Neuronal Morphogenesis in Adult Neurogenesis. Neuron 2018-09-19 [PMID: 30197237] (WB, Mouse)
• Maier L, Kallenberger S, Jechow K et al. Unraveling mitotic protein networks by 3D multiplexed epitope drug screening bioRxiv [PMID: 30104419] (ICC/IF, Human)
• Battista RA, Resnati M, Facchi C et al. Autophagy mediates epithelial cancer chemoresistance by reducing p62/SQSTM1 accumulation PLoS ONE 2018-08-01 [PMID: 30067838] (WB, Human)
• Kustermann M, Manta L, Paone C et al. Loss of the novel Vcp (valosin containing protein) interactor Washc4 interferes with autophagy-mediated proteostasis in striated muscle and leads to myopathy in vivo. Autophagy 2018-08-16 [PMID: 30010465] (WB, Zebrafish)
• Lu JM, Dong WM, He HC et al. Autophagy induced by overexpression of DCTPP1 promotes tumor progression and predicts poor clinical outcome in prostate cancer Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018-06-03 [PMID: 29874556] (Human)
• Saera-Vila A, Kish PE, Kahana A. Autophagy in Zebrafish Extraocular Muscle Regeneration Methods Mol. Biol. 2018-05-24 [PMID: 29797006] (Zebrafish)
• Chmielewska M, Dedukh D, Haczkiewicz K et al. The programmed DNA elimination and formation of micronuclei in germ line cells of the natural hybridogenetic water frog Pelophylax esculentus Sci Rep [PMID: 29777142] (ICC/IF, ICC/IF, Amphibian)
  
  Details:
  Pelophylax kl. esculentus (common water frog), Pelophylax lessonae (pool frog), Pelophylax ridibundus (marsh frog)
• Lim H, Lim YM, Kim KH et al. A novel autophagy enhancer as a therapeutic agent against metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Nat Commun 2018-04-12 [PMID: 29650965] (WB, Human)
• Pernas L, Bean C et al. Mitochondria Restrict Growth of the Intracellular Parasite Toxoplasma gondii by Limiting Its Uptake of Fatty Acids. Cell Metab 2018-03-04 [PMID: 29617646] (WB, Mouse)
• Anunobi R, Boone BA, Cheh N et al. Extracellular DNA promotes colorectal tumor cell survival after cytotoxic chemotherapy. J. Surg. Res. 2018-06-01 [PMID: 29605400] (WB, ICC/IF)
• Fusco C, Mandriani B, Di Rienzo M et al. TRIM50 regulates Beclin 1 proautophagic activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2018-06-01 [PMID: 29604308]
• Jeong AL, Ka HI, Han S et al. Oncoprotein CIP2A promotes the disassembly of primary cilia and inhibits glycolytic metabolism. EMBO Rep. 2018-02-28 [PMID: 29491003] (WB)
• Piacentini M, Baiocchini A, Del Nonno F, Melino G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity is modulated by transglutaminase type 2. Cell Death Dis. 2018-02-15 [PMID: 29449533] (WB, Mouse)
• Karanasios E, Ktistakis NT. Studying Autophagy: List of Useful Antibodies Produced via a Community Effort. Autophagy at the Cell, Tissue and Organismal Level. 2016-04-24
• Inomata Y, Nagasaka S, Miyate K, Goto Y. Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is an enhancer of small heat shock protein turnover via activation of autophagy in the heart. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2018-02-19 [PMID: 29409895] (WB, Mouse)
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  Details:
  LC3/MAP1LC3A antibody used for WB on lysates of S1S2 cells (derived from founder H4/Tetoff cells) and differentiated Lund human mesencephalic/Luhmes cells treated or not with 3 mM ATP or 200 nM bafilomycin A1 for 48 hours (Fig. 6B and Fig. 6E).
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  Details:
  LC3 antibody used for WB on MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells treated or not with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, an histone deacetylase inhibitor), sesquiterpene lactone Parthenolide (Pn) and bafilomycin A1 (BafA1, a powerful inhibitor of the autophagic flux). WB data is shown in Figure 3b.
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  Details:
  LC3 antibody used for WB in hearts from mice injected with PBS, miR-Co or miR-144 (Figure 2b).
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• Chen MC, Chen CH, Liu YN et al. TW01001, a novel piperazinedione compound, induces mitotic arrest and autophagy in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Cancer Lett 2013-04-06 [PMID: 23567646] (WB, Human)
• Martin S, Harper CB, May LM et al. Inhibition of PIKfyve by YM-201636 Dysregulates Autophagy and Leads to Apoptosis-Independent Neuronal Cell Death PLoS One 2013-01-01 [PMID: 23544129] (WB, Mouse)
• Rowe I, Chiaravalli M, Mannella V et al. Defective glucose metabolism in polycystic kidney disease identifies a new therapeutic strategy Nat Med 2013-04-01 [PMID: 23524344] (WB, Mouse)
• Drerup CM, Nechiporuk AV. JNK-Interacting Protein 3 Mediates the Retrograde Transport of Activated c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase and Lysosomes. PLoS Genet 2013-02-01 [PMID: 23468645] (IF/IHC, WB, ICC/IF, Zebrafish)
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  Details:
  Tat-beclin 1 (L-amino acid) / Tat-Beclin 1 L11 (NBP2-49886) and Tat–beclin 1 (D-amino acid)/Tat-Beclin 1 D11, Retroinverso form (NBP2-49888) along with the control peptide Tat-scrambled (L-amino acid)/Tat-Beclin 1 L11S Peptide, Scrambled Control (NBP2-49887) were tested in-vivo for the induction of autophagy. 6-week-old GFP-LC3 transgenic mice, and normal or CHIKV and WNV Egypt strain virus infected 5-day-old GFP-LC3 mice were injected intra-peritoneally (i.p.) with these Tat-beclin derivative peptides at a dose of 20 mg/Kg body weight (5.3uM/Kg). Brain tissues were analyzed using IHC-Frozen and Western blot analysis for measuring cell death (TUNEL Assay) and p62 expression respectively. Toxicity of these peptides was assessed in 6-day-old C57BL/6J mice via daily injections of Tat-scrambled (L-amino acid, Tat-Beclin 1 L11S) or Tat-beclin 1 (L-amino acid, Tat-Beclin 1 L11) at 15 mg kg-1 and Tat–beclin 1 (D-amino acid, Tat-Beclin 1 D11) at a dose of 20 mg/Kg body weight for 2 weeks (Figure 4).
• Choi BY, Jang BG, Kim JH et al. Copper/zinc chelation by clioquinol reduces spinal cord white matter damage and behavioral deficits in a murine MOG-induced multiple sclerosis model. Neurobiol Dis 2013-01-26 [PMID: 23360710] (WB, IHC-Fr, ICC/IF, Mouse)
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• Schwartz RE, Trehan K, Andrus L, Sheahan TP, Ploss A, Duncan SA, Rice CM, Bhatia SN. Modeling hepatitis C virus infection using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;109(7):2544-8. 2012-02-14 [PMID: 22215441]
• Cufi S, Vazquez-Martin A, Oliveras-Ferraros C et al. Autophagy positively regulates the CD44(+) CD24(-/low) breast cancer stem-like phenotype. Cell Cycle 2011-11-15 [PMID: 22127234] (Human)
• Zhang X, Yuan Q, Tang W et al. Substrate-Favored Lysosomal and Proteasomal Pathways Participate in the Normal Balance Control of Insulin Precursor Maturation and Disposal in [beta]-Cells. PLoS ONE 20116(11). [PMID: 22102916]
• Ohmi K, Zhao H-Z, Neufeld EF. Defects in the medial entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus in the mouse model of Sanfilippo syndrome type B. PLoS ONE 20116(11). [PMID: 22096577]
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• Yuan M, Huang Z, Wei D et al. Identification of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus ac93 as a core gene and its requirement for intranuclear microvesicle formation and nuclear egress of nucleocapsids. J Virol 2011-11-01 [PMID: 21880748]
• Lichtenberg M, Mansilla A, Zecchini VR et al. The Parkinson’s disease protein LRRK2 impairs proteasome substrate clearance without affecting proteasome catalytic activity. Cell Death Dis. 2011-01-01 [PMID: 21866175]
• Tomaras GD, Binley JM, Gray ES et al. Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes in a subset of HIV-1-infected individuals. J Virol 2011-11-01 [PMID: 21849452] (ICC/IF)
• Dortet L, Mostowy S, Louaka AS et al. Recruitment of the Major Vault Protein by InlK: A Listeria monocytogenes Strategy to Avoid Autophagy. PLoS Pathog. 2011-08-04 [PMID: 21829365]
• Meng Q, Cai D. Defective hypothalamic autophagy directs the central pathogenesis of obesity via the IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta)/NF-kappaB pathway J Biol Chem 2011-09-16 [PMID: 21784844]
• Mostowy S, Sancho-Shimizu V, Hamon M et al. p62 and NDP52 target Intracytosolic Shigella and Listeria to different autophagy pathways. J Biol Chem 2011-06-06 [PMID: 21646350]
• Shahnazari S, Namolovan A, Mogridge J et al. Bacterial toxins can inhibit host cell autophagy through cAMP generation. Autophagy 2011-09-01 [PMID: 21606683]
• Rodriguez-Rocha H, Gomez-Gutierrez JG, Garcia-Garcia A et al. Adenoviruses induce autophagy to promote virus replication and oncolysis. Virology 2011-07-20 [PMID: 21575980] (IP)
• Fazio EN, Dimattia GE, Chadi S et al. Stanniocalcin 2 alters PERK signalling and reduces cellular injury during cerulein induced pancreatitis in mice BMC Cell Biol 2011-05-05 [PMID: 21545732]
• Jiang S, Li Y, Zhu YH, Wu XQ, Tang J, Li Z, Feng GK, Deng R, Li DD, Luo RZ, Zhang MF, Qin W, Wang X, Jia WH, Zhu XF. Intensive expression of UNC-51-like kinase 1 is a novel biomarker of poor prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci;102(8):1568-75. 2011-08-01 [PMID: 21518141] (WB, Human)
• Rossin F, D'Eletto M, Macdonald D, Farrace MG, Piacentini M. TG2 transamidating activity acts as a reostat controlling the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy. Amino Acids;42(5):1793-802. 2012-05-01 [PMID: 21479826] (WB, Mouse)
• Jorge CD, Ventura R, Maycock C et al. Assessment of the efficacy of solutes from extremophiles on protein aggregation in cell models of Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases. Neurochem Res 2011-06-01 [PMID: 21416120] (WB, Human)
• von Haefen C, Sifringer M, Menk M, Spies CD. Ethanol enhances susceptibility to apoptotic cell death via down-regulation of autophagy-related proteins. Alcohol Clin Exp Res;35(8):1381-91. 2011-08-01 [PMID: 21410490] (ICC/IF, WB, Human)
• Uddin MN, Nishio N, Ito S, Suzuki H, Isobe K. Autophagic activity in thymus and liver during aging. Age (Dordr);34(1):75-85. 2012-02-01 [PMID: 21387084] (IF/IHC, Mouse)
• Tang Y-C, Williams BR, Siegel JJ, Amon A. Identification of Aneuploidy-Selective Antiproliferation Compounds. Cell;144(4):499-512. 2011-02-18 [PMID: 21315436]
• Dammer EB, Na CH, Xu P et al. Polyubiquitin linkage profiles in three models of proteolytic stress suggest the etiology of Alzheimer disease J Biol Chem 2011-03-01 [PMID: 21278249] (ICC/IF, Human)
• Xie R, Nguyen S, McKeehan K et al. Microtubule-associated protein 1S (MAP1S) bridges autophagic components with microtubules and mitochondria to affect autophagosomal biogenesis and degradation. J Biol Chem 2011-03-25 [PMID: 21262964] (WB, IP)
• Hsu HS, Huang PI, Chang Y et al. Cucurbitacin I inhibits tumorigenic ability and enhances radiochemosensitivity in nonsmall cell lung cancer-derived CD133-positive cells Cancer 2011-07-01 [PMID: 21225866] (WB, Human)
• Mostowy S, Bonazzi M, Hamon MA et al. Entrapment of intracytosolic bacteria by septin cage-like structures. Cell Host Microbe 2010-11-18 [PMID: 21075354]
• Huang J, Birmingham CL, Shahnazari S et al. Antibacterial autophagy occurs at PI(3)P-enriched domains of the endoplasmic reticulum and requires Rab1 GTPase Autophagy 2011-01-01 [PMID: 20980813] (WB, Human)
• Fujimoto K, Ford EL, Tran H et al. Loss of Nix in Pdx1-deficient mice prevents apoptotic and necrotic beta cell death and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2010-11-01 [PMID: 20978346] (WB, Mouse)
• Yoon S, Woo SU, Kang JH et al. STAT3 transcriptional factor activated by reactive oxygen species induces IL6 in starvation-induced autophagy of cancer cells. Autophagy 2010-11-01 [PMID: 20930550] (ELISA, Human)
• Li X, Lu Y, Pan T, Fan Z. Roles of autophagy in cetuximab-mediated cancer therapy against EGFR. Autophagy 2010-11-01 [PMID: 20864811] (WB, Human)
• Homer Craig R, Richmond Amy L, Rebert Nancy A et al. ATG16L1 and NOD2 interact in an autophagy-dependent antibacterial pathway implicated in Crohn's disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 2010-01-01 [PMID: 20637199] (WB, Human)
• Fukaya T, Takagi H, Sato Y et al. Crucial roles of B7-H1 and B7-DC expressed on mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells in the generation of antigen-specific CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the establishment of oral tolerance. Blood 2010-09-30 [PMID: 20574047] (WB, Mouse)
• He C, Klionsky DJ. Analyzing autophagy in zebrafish. Autophagy 2010-07-01 [PMID: 20495344] (WB)
• Zhou X, Wang L, Hasegawa H et al. Deletion of PIK3C3/Vps34 in sensory neurons causes rapid neurodegeneration by disrupting the endosomal but not the autophagic pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;107(20):9424-9. 2010-05-18 [PMID: 20439739] (WB, Mouse)
• Spilman P, Podlutskaya N, Hart MJ, Debnath J, Gorostiza O, Bredesen D, Richardson A, Strong R, Galvan V. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin abolishes cognitive deficits and reduces amyloid-beta levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One;5(4):e9979. 2010-04-01 [PMID: 20376313]
• Pankow JF. Organic particulate material levels in the atmosphere: conditions favoring sensitivity to varying relative humidity and temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010-04-13 [PMID: 20368456]
• Li X, Wang CE, Huang S et al. Inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome system leads to preferential accumulation of toxic N-terminal mutant huntingtin fragments. Hum Mol Genet 2010-06-15 [PMID: 20354076] (WB)
• Barth S, Glick D, Macleod KF. Autophagy: assays and artifacts. J Pathol;221(2):117-24. 2010-06-01 [PMID: 20225337]
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  Details:
  Transfected with 293 T cells.
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Reviews for LC3A Antibody (NB100-2331) (22)

Average Rating: 4.3

(Based on 22 reviews)

We have 22 reviews tested in 5 species: Human, Mouse, Rat, Human and Mouse, Other.

reviewed by: Lucia Lisi ICC Human 05/21/2021

Summary

• Application: Immunocytochemistry
• Sample Tested: Human microglia cell lysate,Human microglia
• Species: Human
• Lot: AK

reviewed by: Lucia Lisi WB Rat 05/21/2021

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: MICROGLIA
• Species: Rat
• Lot: AK

reviewed by: Eric Wang WB Human 06/09/2020

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: THP-1 cell lysate
• Species: Human
• Lot: AB-3

Comments

• Comments: The antibody works great to detect the LC3 from THP-1 cell lysates

reviewed by: Marie Lassont WB Mouse 01/29/2019

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: lysed cell lines, Sample Amount: 20 ug
• Species: Mouse
• Lot: A6-NB100-2331

reviewed by: Liyong Zhang WB Human and Mouse 11/25/2017

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: mouse hepatocytes and HepG2 cells
• Species: Human and Mouse
• Lot: AC-1

reviewed by: Du Jiuju WB Mouse 08/07/2017

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7
• Species: Mouse
• Lot: H6-NB100-2331

reviewed by: Verified Customer WB Mouse 10/06/2015

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Mouse Neuro2A, Mouse Cortical Neurons whole cell lysate
• Species: Mouse
• Lot: R-4

reviewed by: Ilya Ulasov WB Human 01/12/2015

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: human glioblastoma
• Species: Human

reviewed by: cynthia morimoto WB Mouse 12/12/2014

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: See PMID 22892563
• Species: Mouse

reviewed by: Bindi Patel IF Mouse 11/25/2014

Summary

• Application: Immunofluorescence
• Sample Tested: NIH3T3, HeLa, HEK293T, N2a neuroblastoma, Q7 striatal, Sy5Y neuroblastoma
• Species: Mouse

reviewed by: Verified Customer IHC-P 10/04/2014

Summary

• Application: Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin
• Lot: S-1

reviewed by: Verified Customer WB Human 06/30/2014

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: human tumor cells
• Species: Human
• Lot: q-1

reviewed by: Fabio Di Domenico WB Human 06/20/2014

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Species: Human

reviewed by: Verified Customer WB Human 04/02/2014

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Species: Human
• Lot: S-2

reviewed by: Verified Customer IHC Mouse 08/13/2012

Summary

• Application: Immunohistochemistry
• Sample Tested: Renal tissue (paraffin block)
• Species: Mouse
• Lot: N

reviewed by: Jay Kao WB Human 12/28/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Human
• Species: Human

reviewed by: Ming-Tsang Chiao WB Human 11/21/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Human
• Species: Human

reviewed by: Ming-Shiou Jan WB Human 11/21/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Human
• Species: Human

reviewed by: Che-Hsu Lee WB Mouse 10/24/2011

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Mouse
• Species: Mouse

reviewed by: Verified Customer WB Mouse 07/08/2010

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: 3T3-L1 adipocyte, Sample Amount: 30ug
• Species: Mouse
• Lot: H2

reviewed by: System Admin WB Other 11/05/2009

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: lysed cell lines, Sample Amount: 20 ug
• Species: Other
• Lot: J

reviewed by: System Admin WB Human 02/18/2009

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Human cancer cells, Sample Amount: 80ug
• Species: Human
• Lot: SS

FAQs for LC3A Antibody (NB100-2331). (Showing 1 - 3 of 3 FAQs).

1. May we ask if it is possible to perform IF to stain LC3-I and LC3-II separately with two different fluorescent colors?
   • Yes, it is possible to perform IF stain for LC3-I and LC3-II separately with two different fluorescent colors! You will have to use two different primary antibodies and in order to avoid any potential background/cross reactivity issues, I would suggest that you employ conjugated primary antibodies for the testing. 1. Our LC3I antibody (NBP1-78964) has been designed to specifically detect the cytosolic form of the LC3 protein which is actually LC3 I (Note: LC3-II binds to the autophagic membranes). 2. There is not even a single antibody to our knowledge that would exclusively detect the LC3 II form, and you would have to detect LC3II/ autophagic membranes form with an antibody which detects LC3 I/LC3II together. Therefore you may opt second antibody from one of the followings: LC3 Antibody (NB100-2220), LC3 Antibody (NB100-2331), LC3 Antibody (NBP1-19167). All of these mentioned catalog #s come with different options for their conjugated forms and you may select appropriate conjugated forms for performing the IF staining using our explained criteria.
2. I am interested in detecting the LC3 protein in the sea anemone Aiptasia. I have used your LC3 antibody (NB100-2331) and got a band in my Western blot at around 15 kD, which seems reasonable. However I would like to know how likely it is that your antibody binds to the LC3 protein of Aiptasia? Unfortunately I could not find the protein sequence against which the LC3 antibody was raised to and am hoping you could help me. The protein sequence for the Aiptasia LC3 is: MGDNNVLSYKPFKQRKSFVSRRDEVAGIRAKFPSKVPVIVERYHKERDLPLLDKTKFLVPQELTMSQFVTIIRNRMSLSS TQAFYLIVNNKSLASMSMTMAELYREEKDEDGFLYMVYASQEMFGCNS
   • In comparing the sequences of the human LC3 and Aiptasia proteins, and it seems as though there is very low homology. There is only 62% sequence similarity, and we generally don't recommend antibodies for novel species unless they have at least 85%. There is a chance that it will work, but we cannot guarantee it.
3. Do you have any data or reason to believe the your LC3 antibody (NB100-2331) has a higher affinity to LC3-II than to LC3-I?
   • No, we do not have any data or reason to believe that NB100-2331 has a higher affinity to LC3-II than to LC3-I. This antibody was raised using a synthetic peptide made to an internal portion of the human LC3 protein sequence (between residues 25-121) as an immunogen and is expected to detect both LC3-I as well as LC3-II, and their signal will depend upon their respective amounts being present in your samples at the time of detection.

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: MAP1LC3A