TLR7 Antibody [PE]

Product Discontinued

TLR7 Antibody [PE] Summary

• Immunogen: This antibody was developed against KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide corresponding to a portion of amino acids 684-701 of human TLR7 (NP_057646).
• Isotype: IgG
• Clonality: Polyclonal
• Host: Rabbit
• Gene: TLR7
• Purity: Protein G purified

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Flow (Intracellular)
  • Flow Cytometry 1ul/1 million cells
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Immunohistochemistry-Frozen
• Application Notes: Use in Immunohistochemistry-Frozen reported in scientific literature (PMID: 16093456). Use in Flow-intracellular reported in scientific literature (PMID: 22730373).
• Agonist:
  • Imiquimod, TLR7 ligand NBP2-26228
  • Imidazoquinoline Resiquimod (R-848), TLR7 and TLR8 ligand NBP2-26231

Reactivity Notes

72% sequence identity with rat protein.

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Store at 4C in the dark.
• Buffer: PBS
• Preservative: 0.05% Sodium Azide
• Purity: Protein G purified

Alternate Names for TLR7 Antibody [PE]

• TLR7
• toll-like receptor 7

Background

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is a type I transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of endosomes and has a role in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognition and host defense (1-3). TLR7 is primarily expressed in the brain, placenta, spleen, stomach, and lungs (4). TLR7 recognizes microbial single stranded RNA (ssRNA), specifically guanosine and its derivatives (1-3). Human TLR7 cDNA encodes a 1049 amino acid (aa) protein with a theoretical molecular weight (MW) of 120.9 kDa (4). The TLR7 protein consists of a signal sequence, an 813 aa extracellular domain containing leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) which form a horseshoe-like shape, a 21 aa transmembrane domain, and a 189 aa cytoplasmic domain with cytosolic Toll-interleukin-1 receptor homology (TIR) domains (1,2,4). TLR7 and its fellow subfamily members, TLR8 and TLR9, possess a characteristic Z-loop between two LRRs with proteolytic Z-loop processing required for TLR activation (2). Z-loop cleavage in TLR7 allows for guanosine and uridine-rich ssRNA binding to the 1st and 2nd ligand binding site, respectively (2). The TIR domain associates with the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD88) to initiate downstream signaling (1-3,5,6). Following activation by PAMPs, TLR7 dimerizes and bound MyD88 interacts with interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) (1,5). Together the complex recruits IRAK-1 and IRAK-2, which become phosphorylated, and interact with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) (1,5). TRAF6 induces the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and interferon-regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), leading to interferon production and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion associated with immune response (1,5).

While TLRs play an important role in innate immune response, dysfunction in the TLR-MyD88 signaling cascade has also been reported in various autoimmune disorders (5,6). Elevated expression of TLR7 is associated with increased risk of system lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease involving B cell hyperactivity (6,7). Studies involving mouse models has also found that increased TLR7 expression predisposes mice to a lupus-like disease (7). Therapeutics targeting TLR7 have been developed to either enhance or inhibit its activity depending on the circumstance. For example, TLR7 agonists such as imiquimod, resiquimod, and 852A are used to increase TLR7 activity for treatment of cancers and to fight viral infections (7,8). On the other hand, TLR7 antagonists inhibit its activation and have been developed to combat chronic immune stimulation as seen in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (8).

References

1. Petes C, Odoardi N, Gee K. The Toll for Trafficking: Toll-Like Receptor 7 Delivery to the Endosome. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1075. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01075

2. Maeda K, Akira S. TLR7 Structure: Cut in Z-Loop. Immunity. 2016;45(4):705-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.003

3. Krieg AM, Vollmer J. Toll-like receptors 7, 8, and 9: linking innate immunity to autoimmunity. Immunol Rev. 2007;220:251-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00572.x

4. Uniprot (Q9NYK1)

5. Zheng C, Chen J, Chu F, Zhu J, Jin T. Inflammatory Role of TLR-MyD88 Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci. 2020;12:314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2019.00314

6. Chi H, Li C, Zhao FS, et al. Anti-tumor Activity of Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonists. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:304. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00304

7. Fillatreau S, Manfroi B, Dorner T. Toll-like receptor signalling in B cells during systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17(2):98-108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-020-00544-4

8. Patinote C, Karroum NB, Moarbess G, et al. Agonist and antagonist ligands of toll-like receptors 7 and 8: Ingenious tools for therapeutic purposes. Eur J Med Chem. 2020;193:112238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112238

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Publications for TLR7 Antibody (NBP2-24761)(11)

Publications using NBP2-24761

• Zimmermann M, Aguilera FB, Castellucci M et al. Chromatin remodelling and autocrine TNFalpha are required for optimal interleukin-6 expression in activated human neutrophils. Nat Commun. [PMID: 25616107] (FLOW, Human)
  
  Details:
  Citation using the PE form of this antibody.
• Chamberlain ND, Kim SJ, Vila OM et al. Ligation of TLR7 by rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid single strand RNA induces transcription of TNF-alpha in monocytes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013-03-01 [PMID: 22730373] (Flow Cytometry Control, Human)
• Schwab N, Zozulya AL, Kieseier BC et al. An imbalance of two functionally and phenotypically different subsets of plasmacytoid dendritic cells characterizes the dysfunctional immune regulation in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol. 2010-05-01 [PMID: 20357264]
  
  Details:
  TLR8 (IMG-321A): Flow (intracellular), human pDC's, Fig 1.
• Clancy RM, Alvarez D, Komissarova E et al. Ro60-associated single-stranded RNA links inflammation with fetal cardiac fibrosis via ligation of TLRs: a novel pathway to autoimmune-associated heart block. J Immunol. 2010-02-15 [PMID: 20089705]
  
  Details:
  Antibodies cited: 1. TLR-7 (IMG-665A): Primary human macrophages derived from PBMCs, Flow (Intracellular): Fig 1A 2. TLR-8 FITC (IMG-321C): Primary human macrophages derived from PBMCs Flow (Intracellular): Fig 1A 3. TLR-7 (IMG-581A): Fetal cardiac fibrob
• Zhou M, McFarland-Mancini MM, Funk HM et al. Toll-like receptor expression in normal ovary and ovarian tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009-09-01 [PMID: 19184006]
• Mansson A, Cardell LO. Role of atopic status in Toll-like receptor (TLR)7- and TLR9-mediated activation of human eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol. 2009-04-01 [PMID: 19129482] (Human)
  
  Details:
  1. IMG-665F (TLR7-Atto 488) [replaced by IMG-665C (TLR7-FTIC)]: Flow (intracellular), human eosinophils, Fig. 1B.
• van den Brand JM, Haagmans BL, Leijten L et al. Pathology of experimental SARS coronavirus infection in cats and ferrets. Vet Pathol. 2008-07-01 [PMID: 18587105]
  
  Details:
  IF/ICC (SARS infected ferret and cat). STAT3 and STAT5-dependent pathways competitively regulate the pan-differentiation of DC34pos cells into tumor-competent dendritic cells. Cohen P, Koski G, Czerniecki B, Bunting K, Fu X, Wang Z, Zhang W, Carter C, Awa
• Cohen PA, Koski GK, Czerniecki BJ et al. STAT3- and STAT5-dependent pathways competitively regulate the pan-differentiation of CD34pos cells into tumor-competent dendritic cells. Blood. 2008-09-01 [PMID: 18577706]
  
  Details:
  Flow (intracellular), mouse bone marrow cells, Fig. 1E: 1. TLR3 FITC (IMG-315C) 2. TLR4 FITC (IMG-417C) 3. TLR7 (IMG-665A) 4. TLR8 FITC (IMG-321C) 5. TLR9 FITC (IMG-305C).
• Wong CK, Cheung PF, Ip WK et al. Intracellular signaling mechanisms regulating toll-like receptor-mediated activation of eosinophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007-07-01 [PMID: 17332440]
  
  Details:
  Human blood eosinophils and neutrophils from buffy coat: For WB, Fig. 1A: TLR1 (IMG-5012), TLR5 (IMG-664), TLR6 (IMG-304A), TLR7 (IMG-540), TLR8 (IMG-321A), TLR9 (IMG-305A). For Flow (Intracellular) and Flow (Surface), Fig. 1B: TLR1 (IMG-5021), TLR2 (IMG-416C), TLR3 (IMG-315C), TLR4 (IMG-417C), TLR5 (IMG-663C), TLR6 (IMG-304C), TLR7 (IMG-665A), TLR8 (IMG-321C), TLR9 (IMG-305C).
• Lee J, Wu CC, Lee KJ et al. Activation of anti-hepatitis C virus responses via Toll-like receptor 7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006-02-07 [PMID: 16446426]
• Chen YW, Nagaraju K, Bakay M et al. Early onset of inflammation and later involvement of TGFbeta in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neurology. 2005-09-27 [PMID: 16093456] (IHC-Fr)
  
  Details:
  Antibodies cited: 1. TLR7 (IMG-665) [IHC-F, Fig.3 (DMD muscle fibers)].

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: TLR7