TLR9 Inhibitor

Product Discontinued

TLR9 Inhibitor Summary

• Immunogen: 5'- gct aga tgt tag cgt-3'. MW: 4848 g/mol
• Gene: TLR9
• Purity: >85%

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Functional Assay
• Application Notes: Oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) A151 control. Dilutions to be used depend on detection system applied. It is recommended that users test the reagent and determine their own optimal dilutions.
• Antagonist:
  • TLR9 Inhibitor NBP2-77375

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Store at 4C short term. Aliquot and store at -20C long term. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles. After opening store under sterile conditions.
• Concentration: LYOPH
• Purity: >85%
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute the vial by pipetting 1 ml distilled or de-ionized water (Caution: vial is under vacuum).

Alternate Names for TLR9 Inhibitor

• CD289 antigen
• CD289
• TLR9
• toll-like receptor 9

Background

NBP2-77376 can be used as control reagent. TLR9 antagonist NBP2-77375 is an ODN used to inhibit preferably human Toll-like receptor 9. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. TLRs constitute of a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate cellular responses to a large variety of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and parasites) by specific recognition of so-called 'pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Activation of TLRs leads to activation of NFkB-dependent and IFN regulatory factor-dependent signaling pathways. TLRs are differentially expressed among tissues and cell types by various cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. They recognize and respond to molecules derived from bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens. Whereas most TLRs are expressed on the cell surface, TLR9 is expressed intracellularly within one or more endosomal compartments and recognizes nucleic acids. TLR9 detects a rather subtle difference in the DNA of vertebrates compared with that of pathogens. Vertebrate genomic DNAs have mostly methylated CpG dinucleotides where bacterial and viral DNAs have unmethylated CpG dinucleotides. TLR9 undergoes relocation from endoplasmic reticulum to CpG-ODN-containing endosomes. In these endosomes TLR9 becomes a functional receptor after proteolytic cleavage. TLR9 exists as a preformed homodimer and CpG-ODN binding promotes its conformational change, bringing the cytoplasmic TIR-like domains close to each other. This allows a recruitment of the key adapter protein MyD88 which initiates a signaling cascade. Certain DNA sequences can suppress innate immune activation and have been shown to be effective in eg arthritis and SLE. The TTAGGG repeat is such sequence and is commonly found in mammalian telomeric DNA. Suppressive synthetic ODNs prevent TLR9 activation by binding to unmethylated CpG DNA. ODN A151 functions as a competitive inhibitor by binding to AIM2 and IFI16 and competing with these sensors for stimulatory DNA ligands.

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Inhibitors are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: TLR9