TLR3 Antibody

Product Discontinued

TLR3 Antibody Summary

• Immunogen: A peptide containing H-539 and N-541, two important amino acids involved in the binding of dsRNA to TLR3, was used as the immunogen.
• Isotype: IgG
• Clonality: Polyclonal
• Host: Rabbit
• Gene: TLR3
• Purity: Immunogen affinity purified

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Flow Cytometry 1 ug/10^6 cells
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin 5 ug/ml
  • Western Blot 1-3 ug/ml
• Agonist:
  • Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid HMW NBP2-25288

Reactivity Notes

The amino acid sequence used as immunogen is 100% homologous in human, rhesus monkey, opossum, mouse, rat, horse, pig, dog, chicken and chimpanzee. Avian and Chicken reactivity reported in scientific literature (PMID: 25938551)

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Store at 4C short term. Aliquot and store at -20C long term. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
• Buffer: PBS
• Preservative: 0.05% Sodium Azide
• Concentration: 1.0 mg/ml
• Purity: Immunogen affinity purified

Alternate Names for TLR3 Antibody

• CD283 antigen
• CD283
• TLR3
• toll-like receptor 3

Background

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that contributes to the innate immune response, recognizing distinct pathogen-associate molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) (1,2). The TLR family member TLR3 specifically recognizes and binds double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from viruses and the synthetic analog polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) (1-5). TLR3 is typically expressed in the endosomes of innate immune cells including macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) (1-5). TLR3 is also localized on the cell surface of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells (1-5). The human TLR3 protein is 904 amino acids (aa) in length with a theoretical molecular weight (MW) of 104 kDa (6). It consists of a 23 aa signal sequence, a horseshoe-shaped 681 aa extracellular domain (ECD) containing 23 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a 21 aa helical transmembrane domain, and a 179 aa cytoplasmic region containing a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain (1,6). Upon ligand binding, TLR3-ECD dimerizes and the adapter protein TIR-domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-beta (TRIF/TICAM1) is recruited (1-5). TRIF interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and TRAF6 and results in a signal transduction cascade involving activation of transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), IRF7, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and activation protein-1 (AP-1) (1-5). Transcription factors translocate to the nucleus, driving type I interferon (IFN) production, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and tumor regression (1-5). Furthermore, TRIF can also interact with receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3 leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis (1,2,5). Conversely, NF-kappaB transcription can also promote chemokine production and promote the WNT pathway associated with stemness and pro-tumorigenic properties (1,5).

Given the role of TLR3 in immune response, its expression or dysfunction has been associated with a number of pathologies from chronic inflammation to autoimmune disorders and cancer (1-5,7). TLR3 is expressed in many cancer types, often related to viral infection, such as cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), melanoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer (1,5). TLR3 signaling has a dual role in cancer, either contributing to pro- or anti-tumor properties depending on the type of cancer (1,5). Therapeutic targeting the TLR3 signaling pathway is under investigation. TLR3 inhibitors or antagonists are being studied for the treatment autoimmune and inflammatory disorders such as of sepsis and atherosclerosis (2,8). TLR3 agonists, either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors or therapeutic agents, are being studied as immunotherapeutic treatments of many cancers such as colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma (7).

References

1. Zheng X, Li S, Yang H. Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Human Tumors. Front Immunol. 2021;12:667454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.667454

2. Zhuang C, Chen R, Zheng Z, Lu J, Hong C. Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Heart Lung Circ. 2022;S1443-9506(22)00080-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2022.02.012

3. Bianchi F, Pretto S, Tagliabue E, Balsari A, Sfondrini L. Exploiting poly(I:C) to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther. 2017;18(10):747-756. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384047.2017.1373220

4. Matsumoto M, Seya T. TLR3: interferon induction by double-stranded RNA including poly(I:C). Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60(7):805-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.11.005

5. Muresan XM, Bouchal J, Culig Z, Soucek K. Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Solid Cancer and Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(11):3227. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113227

6. Uniprot (O15455)

7. Le Naour J, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Vacchelli E. Trial watch: TLR3 agonists in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology. 2020;9(1):1771143. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2020.1771143

8. Gao W, Xiong Y, Li Q, Yang H. Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling as a Promising Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Journey from Molecular to Nano Therapeutics. Front Physiol. 2017;8:508. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00508

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Publications for TLR3 Antibody (NBP2-24565)(4)

Publications using NBP2-24565

• Zou H, Su R, Ruan J et al. Double-stranded RNA induces chicken T-cell lymphoma apoptosis by TRIF and NF-kB Sci Rep 2017-08-08 [PMID: 28790362] (WB, Chicken)
• Hu X, Zou H, Qin A et al. Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 inhibits Marek's disease virus infection in chicken embryo fibroblast cells. Arch. Virol. 2015-11-23 [PMID: 26597188] (WB, Chicken)
  
  Details:
  TLR3 antibody used for WB on primary chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEF). Cells were transfected with TRL3 siRNA or control siRNA (Fig. 2G).
• Hu X, Ye J, Qin A et al. Both MicroRNA-155 and Virus-Encoded MiR-155 Ortholog Regulate TLR3 Expression. PLoS ONE. 2015-05-05 [PMID: 25938551] (WB, Chicken, Avian)
  
  Details:
  TLR3 antibody was used for WB application on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells that were transfected with 50-200 nM of the miR-155 mimic or the negative control mimic (Fig 2D and 2E). WB also performed on avian macrophage HD11 cell line treated or not with TLR2, 4 and 7 ligands (Fig 3c), 50-400 nM of gga-miR-155 antagomir (Fig 3d) or 50–400 nM of the gga-miR-155 agomir (Fig 3f).
• Kuzemtseva Liudmila, de la Torre Eugenia, Martin Gerard et al. Regulation of toll-like receptors 3, 7 and 9 in porcine alveolar macrophages by different genotype 1 strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2014-04-15 [PMID: 24534144]

Review for TLR3 Antibody (NBP2-24565) (1)

Average Rating: 5

(Based on 1 review)

We have 1 review tested in 1 species: Other.

reviewed by: Verified Customer WB Other 07/22/2015

Summary

• Application: Western Blot
• Sample Tested: Primary chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEFs)
• Species: Other

FAQs for TLR3 Antibody (NBP2-24565). (Showing 1 - 1 of 1 FAQs).

1. TLR3 Antibody (NBP2-24565) Could I have the data regarding species specificity and have you checked against sheep? Also could I have your ICC and ICC immunofluoresence protocols for TLR3 antibody as well as western protocols
   • The immunogen for NBP2-24565 shares 100% similarity with sheep. We do not have a specific protocol for use of this antibody, so it can be used with your lab's standard protocols. You can also view our general protocols.

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: TLR3