Recombinant Mouse Galectin-9 Protein, CF

Immobilized Recombinant Mouse Galectin-9 (Catalog # 3535-GA)supports the adhesion of D10.G4.1 mouse helper T cells. The ED50 forthis effect is 0.6-3 μg/mL.

• Reactivity: Mu
• Applications: Bioactivity
• Format: Carrier-Free

Recombinant Mouse Galectin-9 Protein, CF Summary

• Details of Functionality: Measured by the ability of the immobilized protein to support the adhesion of D10.G4.1 mouse helper T cells. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 0.6-3 μg/mL.
• Source: E. coli-derived mouse Galectin-9 protein
  Ala2-Thr322
• Accession #: NP_001152773
• N-terminal Sequence: Ala2
• Protein/Peptide Type: Recombinant Proteins
• Gene: Lgals9
• Purity: >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.
• Endotoxin Note: <1.0 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Bioactivity
• Theoretical MW: 36.4 kDa.
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.
• SDS-PAGE: 36 kDa, reducing conditions

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in MOPS, NaCl, EDTA, DTT and Trehalose.
• Purity: >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile, deionized water.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Recombinant Mouse Galectin-9 Protein, CF

• Ecalectin
• GAL9
• gal-9
• galectin 9
• Galectin9
• Galectin-9
• HUAT
• lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 9
• LGALS9
• LGALS9A
• MGC117375
• MGC125973
• MGC125974
• Tumor antigen HOM-HD-21
• urate transporter/channel protein

Background

Galectins comprise a family of multifunctional carbohydrate-binding proteins with specificity for N-acetyl-lactosamine-containing glycoproteins. At least 14 mammalian Galectins share structural similarities in their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD), forming three groups: a prototype group (one CRD), a
tandem‑repeat group (two CRDs), and a chimeric group (one CRD, unique N-terminus) (1, 2). Full length Galectin-9 is a widely expressed 39 kDa tandem‑repeat group Galectin that contains two CRDs connected by a linker region (3). Alternate splicing generates an extended, small intestine-specific isoform with a 31 amino acid insertion in the linker region (3). The standard (or short) isoform of mouse Galectin-9 is orthologous to human galectin-9, which is also known as Ecalectin (4). This isoform shares 70% and 85% aa sequence identity with the corresponding regions of human and rat Galectin-9, respectively. Galectin-9 exhibits a wide range of activities including eosinophil chemoattraction (5-7). This activity is destroyed by thrombin-mediated cleavage within the linker region of the long isoform, although the human Ecalectin isoform is resistant to thrombin (8). Galectin-9 binds to carbohydrate moieties of IgE, thereby preventing immune complex formation, mast cell degranulation, and asthmatic and cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions (9). Independent of its lectin properties, Galectin-9 induces the maturation of dendritic cells which promote Th1 polarization (10). Galectin-9 induces cellular apoptosis in part by direct binding to TIM-3 (11, 12). Its interaction with TIM-3 inhibits Th1 cell and CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cell responses, while also promoting regulatory T cell differentiation and activity (12, 13). Conversely, Galectin-9 is also reported to bind to a non-TIM3 receptor on both Th1 and Th2 cells, promoting both apoptosis and cytokine secretion, suggesting multiple receptors on T helper cells (14). Galectin-9 suppresses tumor cell metastasis by interfering with the associations between hyaluronic acid and CD44 and between VCAM-1 and Integrin alpha 4 beta 1 (15). Galectin-9, also known as the UAT or urate transporter, can also be expressed as an integral membrane protein in kidney that mediates the cellular efflux of urate (16).

1. Zhu, C. et al. (2011) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 350:1.
2. Elola, M.T. et al. (2007) Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64:1679.
3. Wada, J. and Y.S. Kanwar (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:6078.
4. Matsushita, N. et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:8355.
5. Matsumoto, R. et al. (2002) J. Immunol. 168:1961.
6. Chabot, S. et al. (2002) Glycobiology 12:111.
7. Sato, M. et al. (2002) Glycobiology 12:191.
8. Nishi, N. et al. (2006) Glycobiology 16:15C.
9. Niki, T. et al. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284:32344.
10. Dai, S.-Y. et al. (2005) J. Immunol. 175:2974.
11. Seki, M. et al. (2007) Arthritis Rheum. 56:3968.
12. Zhu, C. et al. (2005) Nat. Immunol. 6:1245.
13. Sehrawat, S. et al. (2010) PloS Pathogens 6:e1000882.
14. Su, E.W. et al. (2011) Glycobiology 21:1258.
15. Nobumoto, A. et al. (2008) Glycobiology 18:735.
16. Leal-Pinto, E. et al. (2002) Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283:F150.

Publications for Galectin-9 (3535-GA)(15)

Publications using 3535-GA

• Lee, C;Yu, D;Kim, HS;Kim, KS;Chang, CY;Yoon, HJ;Won, SB;Kim, DY;Goh, EA;Lee, YS;Park, JB;Kim, SS;Park, EJ; Galectin-9 Mediates the Functions of Microglia in the Hypoxic Brain Tumor Microenvironment Cancer research 2024-08-29 [PMID: 39207402] (In vitro assay, Mouse)
• Mendoza, M;Ballesteros, A;Rendon-Correa, E;Tonk, R;Warren, J;Snow, AL;Stowell, SR;Blois, SM;Dveksler, G; Modulation of galectin-9 mediated responses in monocytes and T-cells by pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 1 The Journal of biological chemistry 2024-08-07 [PMID: 39121996] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• H Xiong, G Xue, Y Zhang, S Wu, Q Zhao, R Zhao, N Zhou, Y Xie Effect of exogenous galectin-9, a natural TIM-3 ligand, on the severity of TNBS- and DSS-induced colitis in mice International immunopharmacology, 2023-01-05;115(0):109645. 2023-01-05 [PMID: 36610329] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• T Schatton, Y Itoh, C Martins, E Rasbach, P Singh, M Silva, KN Mucciarone, MV Heppt, J Geddes-Swe, K Stewart, A Brandenbur, J Liang, CJ Dimitroff, MC Mihm, J Landsberg, C Schlapbach, CG Lian, GF Murphy, TS Kupper, MR Ramsey, SR Barthel Inhibition of melanoma cell-intrinsic Tim-3 stimulates MAPK-dependent tumorigenesis Cancer Research, 2022-10-17;0(0):. 2022-10-17 [PMID: 35980306] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• LK Smith, K Fawaz, B Treanor Galectin-9 regulates the threshold of B cell activation and autoimmunity Elife, 2021-08-09;10(0):. 2021-08-09 [PMID: 34369876] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• JN Sudhakar, HH Lu, HY Chiang, CS Suen, MJ Hwang, SY Wu, CN Shen, YM Chang, FA Li, FT Liu, JW Shui Lumenal Galectin-9-Lamp2 interaction regulates lysosome and autophagy to prevent pathogenesis in the intestine and pancreas Nat Commun, 2020-08-27;11(1):4286. 2020-08-27 [PMID: 32855403] (Bioassay, Cell Culture, Mouse)
• R Nakajima, T Miyagaki, H Kamijo, T Oka, N Shishido-T, H Suga, M Sugaya, S Sato Possible therapeutic applicability of galectin-9 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma J. Dermatol. Sci., 2019-09-16;96(3):134-142. 2019-09-16 [PMID: 31787505] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Laabiah Wasim, Fathima Hifza Mohamed Buhari, Myuran Yoganathan, Taylor Sicard, June Ereño-Orbea, Jean-Philippe Julien et al. N-Linked Glycosylation Regulates CD22 Organization and Function Frontiers in Immunology 2019-04-04 [PMID: 31019513] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• CC Liang, CS Li, IC Weng, HY Chen, HH Lu, CC Huang, FT Liu Galectin-9 is Critical for Mucosal Adaptive Immunity through the TH17-IgA Axis Am. J. Pathol., 2018-02-17;0(0):. 2018-02-17 [PMID: 29458010] (ELISA Standard, Mouse)
• S de Kivit, AI Kostadinov, J Kerperien, ME Morgan, VA Muruzabal, GA Hofman, LMJ Knippels, AD Kraneveld, J Garssen, LEM Willemsen Dietary, nondigestible oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V suppress allergic inflammation in intestine via targeting dendritic cell maturation J. Leukoc. Biol., 2017-05-11;0(0):. 2017-05-11 [PMID: 28495789] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• D Daley, VR Mani, N Mohan, N Akkad, A Ochi, DW Heindel, KB Lee, CP Zambirinis, GSB Pandian, S Savadkar, A Torres-Her, S Nayak, D Wang, M Hundeyin, B Diskin, B Aykut, G Werba, RM Barilla, R Rodriguez, S Chang, L Gardner, LK Mahal, B Ueberheide, G Miller Dectin 1 activation on macrophages by galectin 9 promotes pancreatic carcinoma and peritumoral immune tolerance Nat. Med., 2017-04-10;23(5):556-567. 2017-04-10 [PMID: 28394331] (Bioassay)
• Steichen A, Simonson T, Salmon S, Metzger D, Mishra B, Sharma J Alarmin function of galectin-9 in murine respiratory tularemia. PLoS ONE, 2015-04-21;10(4):e0123573. 2015-04-21 [PMID: 25898318] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Steelman , Andrew J, Li , Jianrong Astrocyte galectin-9 potentiates microglial TNF secretion. J Neuroinflammation, 2014-08-27;11(0):144. 2014-08-27 [PMID: 25158758] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Ungerer C, Quade-Lyssy P, Radeke H, Henschler R, Konigs C, Kohl U, Seifried E, Schuttrumpf J Galectin-9 is a suppressor of T and B cells and predicts the immune modulatory potential of mesenchymal stromal cell preparations. Stem Cells Dev, 2013-11-13;23(7):755-66. 2013-11-13 [PMID: 24083426] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Leitner , Judith, Rieger , Armin, Pickl , Winfried, Zlabinger , Gerhard, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer , Katharin, Steinberger , Peter TIM-3 does not act as a receptor for galectin-9. PLoS Pathog, 2013-03-21;9(3):e1003253. 2013-03-21 [PMID: 23555261] (Bioassay, Mouse)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: Lgals9
• Uniprot:
  • NP_001152773()