Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody (185)

Immunohistochemistry: Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody (185) [NB100-2051] - Locus Coeruleus

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody (185) [NB100-2051] - Immunohistochemical analysis of human mid-brain paraffin section. Cytoplasmic staining of catecholaminergic cells and their processes. Peroxidase substrate: nickel DAB, counterstain: eosin.

Product Discontinued

Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody (185) Summary

• Immunogen: This Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody (185) is made against a recombinant protein, C-terminal portion of mouse tyrosine hydroxylase.
• Localization: Cytoplasmic
• Marker: Neuronal Marker
• Specificity: Tyrosine Hydroxylase (185)
• Isotype: IgG2a Kappa
• Clonality: Monoclonal
• Host: Mouse
• Gene: TH
• Purity: Tissue culture supernatant

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence 1:10 - 1:500
  • Immunohistochemistry 1:20 - 1:40
  • Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin 1:20 - 1:40
  • Western Blot 1:25 - 1:50
• Application Notes: ICC/IF reacitivy reported in scientific literature (PMID: 23143922). Optimal dilution should be determined by investigator.
• Theoretical MW: 60 kDa.
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.

Reactivity Notes

Please note that this antibody is reactive to Mouse and derived from the same host, Mouse. Mouse-On-Mouse blocking reagent may be needed for IHC and ICC experiments to reduce high background signal. You can find these reagents under catalog numbers PK-2200-NB and MP-2400-NB. Please contact Technical Support if you have any questions.

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Aliquot and store at -20C or -80C. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
• Buffer: Reconstituted supernantant
• Preservative: 0.09% Sodium Azide
• Purity: Tissue culture supernatant

Alternate Names for Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody (185)

• DYT14
• DYT5b
• EC 1.14.16
• EC 1.14.16.2
• TH
• TYH dystonia 14
• TYH
• Tyrosine 3-hydroxylase
• tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
• Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Background

The tetrameric enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), also designated as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (TY3H), is the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine biosynthesis and has a theoretical molecular weight of 60 kDa. Encoded by the TH gene, TH catalyzes the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) in the central nervous system and adrenal medulla. The precursor of catecholamines, L-dopa, is converted to dopamine for use in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) (1) . Dysfunction in the TH gene, and thus the enzymatic activity by TH, dysregulates catecholamine synthesis.

Two transcription factor binding sites in the proximal region of the TH gene, the TPA-responsive element (TRE) and the c-AMP responsive element (CRE), have been implicated in the complex regulation of the TH gene. Dysregulation of breakdown for the amino acid, tyrosine, by TH is a result of a genetic disorder that results in Tyrosinemia (high levels of tyrosine in the blood, tissue and organs).

Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency is a disorder that primarily affects movement, where individuals display symptoms that include lack of coordination when walking, postural tremors and unusual body positioning. TH deficient dopamine-responsive dystonia (DRD), also known as Segawa syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that is associated with low levels of TH and is diagnosed during childhood with characteristic symptoms including increased muscle tone (dystonia) and signs of Parkinsonism like bradykinesia, tremors, rigidity and postural instability (2). Correspondingly, TH is also linked to Parkinson's disease in older adults, where low dopamine levels are a consistent neurochemical abnormality. Functional polymorphisms of the TH gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and other affective disorders where dopamine is often dysregulated (3).

References

1. Hamanaka, Y., & Mizunami, M. (2019). Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the mushroom body of the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Cell Tissue Res, 376(1), 97-111. doi:10.1007/s00441-018-2969-9

2. Li, L., & Zhou, F. M. (2013). Parallel dopamine D1 receptor activity dependence of l-Dopa-induced normal movement and dyskinesia in mice. Neuroscience, 236, 66-76. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.065

3. Borkar, C. D., Bharne, A. P., Nagalakshmi, B., Sakharkar, A. J., Subhedar, N. K., & Kokare, D. M. (2018). Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Peptide (CART) Alleviates MK-801-Induced Schizophrenic Dementia-Like Symptoms. Neuroscience, 375, 94-107. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.056

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Publications for Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody (NB100-2051)(6)

Publications using NB100-2051

• Târtea EA, Petrescu M, Udri?toiu I et al. Clinical Outcomes Depending on Sympathetic Innervation in Pancreatic Cancer Cancers 2023-06-02 [PMID: 37297000] (Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin, Human)
• Fujiwara T, Kofuji T, Akagawa K Disturbance of the reciprocal-interaction between the OXTergic and DAergic systems in the CNS causes atypical social behavior in syntaxin 1A knockout mice Behavioural brain research 2021-07-02 [PMID: 34224763] (IF/IHC)
• Poitras T, Piragasam RS, Joy T et al. Major urinary protein excreted in rodent hindpaw sweat Journal of anatomy 2021-03-08 [PMID: 33686663] (IF/IHC, Mouse)
• Tao Z, Dai J, He J et al. The Influence of NaIO(3)-Induced Retinal Degeneration on Intra-retinal Layer and the Changes of Expression Profile/Morphology of DA-ACs and mRGCS Mol Neurobiol 2012-11-10 [PMID: 23143922] (IF/IHC, ICC/IF, WB, Rat)
• Lei Z, Jiang Y, Li T, Zhu J, Zeng S. Signaling of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor GFR?1 induce Nurr1 and Pitx3 to promote survival of grafted midbrain-derived neural stem cells in a rat model of Parkinson disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol;70(9):736-47. 2011-09-01 [PMID: 21865882] (WB, Rat)
• Zhang, C, Ng, K L, Li, J-D, He, F, erson, D J, Sun, Y E, Zhou, Q-Y. (Prokineticin 2 Is a Target Gene of Proneural Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Factors for Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis, . 282, 6917-6921. 2007-01-01 [PMID: 17259180]

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: TH
• Entrez:
  • 7054(Human)
  • 21823(Mouse)
  • 25085(Rat)
• Uniprot:
  • P24529(Mouse)