Recombinant Rat GM-CSF Protein, CF

• Reactivity: Rt
• Applications: Bioactivity
• Format: Carrier-Free

Recombinant Rat GM-CSF Protein, CF Summary

• Details of Functionality: Measured in a cell proliferation assay using DA3 mouse myeloma cells. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 5‑30 pg/mL.
• Source: E. coli-derived rat GM-CSF protein
  Ala1-Lys127, with and without an N-terminal Met
• Accession #: P48750.1
• N-terminal Sequence: Met & Ala1
• Protein/Peptide Type: Recombinant Proteins
• Gene: Csf2
• Purity: >97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain
• Endotoxin Note: <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Bioactivity
• Theoretical MW: 14.7 kDa.
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after opening.
• Buffer: Supplied as a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS.
• Purity: >97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Recombinant Rat GM-CSF Protein, CF

• colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
• Colony-stimulating factor
• CSF
• CSF2
• CSF-2
• GMCSF
• GM-CSF
• GMCSFgranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
• granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
• MGC131935
• MGC138897
• Molgramostim
• molgramostin
• Sargramostim

Background

GM-CSF was initially characterized as a factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is also a growth factor for erythroid, megakaryocyte, and eosinophil progenitors. GM-CSF is produced by a number of different cell types (including T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and adipocytes) in response to cytokine or inflammatory stimuli. On mature hematopoietic cells, GM-CSF is a survival factor for and activates the effector functions of granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and eosinophils (1, 2). GM-CSF promotes a Th1 biased immune response, angiogenesis, allergic inflammation, and the development of autoimmunity (3 - 5). It shows clinical effectiveness in ameliorating chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, and GM-CSF transfected tumor cells are utilized as cancer vaccines (6, 7). The 22 kDa glycosylated GM-CSF, similar to IL‑3 and IL‑5, is a cytokine with a core of four bundled alpha ‑helices (8 - 10). Mature rat GM-CSF shares 56% ‑ 69% amino acid sequence identity with canine, feline, human, mouse, and porcine GM‑CSF. GM‑CSF exerts its biological effects through a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of GM‑CSF R alpha /CD116 and the signal transducing common beta chain (CD131) which is also a component of the high-affinity receptors for IL-3 and IL-5 (11, 12). In addition, GM-CSF binds a naturally occurring soluble form of GM‑CSF R alpha (13). Rat GM‑CSF is active on mouse cells, although mouse GM‑CSF is only weakly active on rat cells (14, 15).

1. Martinez-Moczygemba, M. and D.P. Huston (2003) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112:653.
2. Barreda, D.R. et al. (2004) Dev. Comp. Immunol. 28:509.
3. Eksioglu, E.A. et al. (2007) Exp. Hematol. 35:1163.
4. Cao, Y. (2007) J. Clin. Invest. 117:2362.
5. Fleetwood, A.J. et al. (2005) Crit. Rev. Immunol. 25:405.
6. Heuser, M. et al. (2007) Semin. Hematol. 44:148.
7. Hege, K.M. et al. (2006) Int. Rev. Immunol. 25:321.
8. Kaushansky, K. et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31:1881.
9. Diederichs, K. et al. (1991) Science 254:1779.
10. Smith, L.R. et al. (1994) Immunogenetics 39:80.
11. Onetto-Pothier, N. et al. (1990) Blood 75:59.
12. Hayashida, K. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:9655.
13. Pelley, J.L. et al. (2007) Exp. Hematol. 35:1483.
14. Oaks, M.K. et al. (1995) J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 15:1095.
15. Vandenabeele, P. et al. (1990) Lymphokine Res. 9:381.

Publications for GM-CSF (518-GM/CF)(9)

Publications using 518-GM/CF

• S Kim, Y Son Astrocytes Stimulate Microglial Proliferation and M2 Polarization In Vitro through Crosstalk between Astrocytes and Microglia International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021-08-16;22(16):. 2021-08-16 [PMID: 34445510] (Bioassay, Rat)
• IKA Jones, NN Haese, P Gatault, ZJ Streblow, TF Andoh, M Denton, CE Streblow, K Bonin, CN Kreklywich, JM Burg, SL Orloff, DN Streblow Rat Cytomegalovirus Virion-Associated Proteins R131 and R129 Are Necessary for Infection of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells Pathogens, 2020-11-19;9(11):. 2020-11-19 [PMID: 33228102] (Bioassay, Rat)
• JE Lim, E Chung, Y Son A neuropeptide, Substance-P, directly induces tissue-repairing M2 like macrophages by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway even in the presence of IFN? Sci Rep, 2017-08-25;7(1):9417. 2017-08-25 [PMID: 28842601] (Bioassay, Rat)
• HT Lee, SP Liu, CH Lin, SW Lee, CY Hsu, HK Sytwu, CH Hsieh, WC Shyu A Crucial Role of CXCL14 for Promoting Regulatory T Cells Activation in Stroke Theranostics, 2017-02-08;7(4):855-875. 2017-02-08 [PMID: 28382159] (Bioassay, In Vivo, Rat)
• Lazzaro M, Bettegazzi B, Barbariga M, Codazzi F, Zacchetti D, Alessio M Ceruloplasmin potentiates nitric oxide synthase activity and cytokine secretion in activated microglia. J Neuroinflammation, 2014-09-16;11(0):164. 2014-09-16 [PMID: 25224679] (Bioassay, Rat)
• Slater , Bernard, Vilson , Fernandi, Guo , Yan, Weinreich , Daniel, Hwang , Shelly, Bernstein , Steven L Optic nerve inflammation and demyelination in a rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013-12-05;54(13):7952-61. 2013-12-05 [PMID: 24065807] (In Vivo, Rat)
• Quan Y, Jiang J, Dingledine R EP2 receptor signaling pathways regulate classical activation of microglia. J Biol Chem, 2013-02-12;288(13):9293-302. 2013-02-12 [PMID: 23404506] (Bioassay, Rat)
• Krejci P, Prochazkova J, Bryja V, Jelinkova P, Pejchalova K, Kozubik A, Thompson LM, Wilcox WR Fibroblast growth factor inhibits interferon gamma-STAT1 and interleukin 6-STAT3 signaling in chondrocytes. Cell. Signal., 2008-10-12;21(1):151-60. 2008-10-12 [PMID: 18950705] (Bioassay, Rat)
• Reed JA, Clegg DJ, Smith KB, Tolod-Richer EG, Matter EK, Picard LS, Seeley RJ GM-CSF action in the CNS decreases food intake and body weight. J. Clin. Invest., 2005-11-01;115(11):3035-44. 2005-11-01 [PMID: 16276414] (In Vivo, Rat)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: Csf2
• Uniprot:
  • P48750.1()