Recombinant Human GDF-15 (Human Cell-expressed) Protein, CF

In a functional ELISA, Recombinant Human GDF-15 (Catalog # 8146-GD/CF) binds to Recombinant Human GFR alpha -like Fc Chimera (9697-GR) with an ED50 of 0.0500-0.500 ng/mL.

Recombinant Human GDF-15 (Catalog # 8146-GD/CF) activates SRE-SEAP reporter in HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells transfected with human c-Ret and human GFRAL.

• Reactivity: Hu
• Format: Carrier-Free

Recombinant Human GDF-15 (Human Cell-expressed) Protein, CF Summary

• Details of Functionality: Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Recombinant Human GDF-15 (Catalog # 8146-GD/CF) binds to Recombinant Human GFR alpha -like Fc Chimera (Catalog # 9697-GR) with an ED₅₀ of 0.0500-0.500 ng/mL.
• Source: Human embryonic kidney cell, HEK293-derived human GDF-15 protein
  Ala197-Ile308
• Accession #: Q99988
• N-terminal Sequence: Ala197
• Structure / Form: Disulfide-linked homodimer
• Protein/Peptide Type: Recombinant Proteins
• Gene: GDF15
• Purity: >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.
• Endotoxin Note: <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Bioactivity not tested
• Theoretical MW: 12 kDa (monomer).
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.
• SDS-PAGE: 12-14 kDa, reducing conditions

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in HCl.
• Purity: >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 250 μg/mL in 4 mM HCl.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Recombinant Human GDF-15 (Human Cell-expressed) Protein, CF

• GDF15
• GDF-15
• growth differentiation factor 15
• growth/differentiation factor 15
• Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1
• MIC-1
• MIC-1NSAID-activated gene 1 protein
• MIC1Prostate differentiation factor
• NAG-1
• NAG-1NSAID-regulated gene 1 protein
• NSAID (nonsteroidal inflammatory drug)-activated protein 1
• PDF
• PDFGDF-15
• PLAB
• PLABNRG-1
• Placental bone morphogenetic protein
• Placental TGF-beta
• PTGF-beta
• PTGFBPTGF-beta

Background

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), also called Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 (MIC-1), Placental Transforming Growth Factor beta , Prostate-derived Factor, and Placental Bone Morphogenetic Protein, is a divergent member of the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-beta ) superfamily (1, 2). Human GDF-15 shares 66% and 68% amino acid sequence identity with the rat and mouse proteins, respectively (3). GDF-15 is highly expressed in placenta and brain, and it is expressed at lower levels in kidney, pancreas, prostate, and colon. Similar to other TGF-beta family proteins, GDF-15 is synthesized as a large precursor protein that is cleaved at a dibasic cleavage site (RxxR) to release the mature protein. The C-terminal domain of GDF-15 contains seven characteristic conserved cysteine residues necessary for the formation of the cysteine knot and the single inter-chain disulfide bond (4, 5). Biologically active GDF-15 is a disulfide-linked homodimer of the mature protein. GDF‑15 has been shown to have various functions, including inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha ) production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and the induction of cartilage formation (1, 6). GDF-15 also promotes neuronal survival, and hypothalamic expression of GDF-15 causes appetite suppression via modulation of neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin levels (7-10). GDF-15 is cardioprotective via inhibition of platelet activation, limiting atherosclerosis, promoting recovery following myocardial infarction, and regulating angiogenesis (11-15). Exposure of cardiomyocytes to GDF-15 results in Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation (16).

1. Bootcov, M.R. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:11514.
2. Fairlie, W.D. et al. (1999) J. Leukoc. Biol. 65:2.
3. Bottner, M. et al. (1999) Gene 237:105.
4. Fairlie, W.D. et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:16911.
5. Bauskin, A.R. et al. (2000) EMBO J. 19:2212.
6. Paralkar, V.M. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:13760.
7. Johnen, H. et al. (2007) Nat. Med. 13:1333.
8. Strelau, J. et al. (2000) J. Neurosci. 20:8597.
9. Breit, S.N. et al. (2011) Growth Factors 29:187.
10. Strelau, J. et al. (2009) J. Neurosci. 29:13640.
11. Whitson, R.J. et al. (2013) J. Cell. Biochem. 114:1424.
12. Rossaint, J. et al. (2013) J. Thromb. Haemost. 11:335.
13. Song, H. et al. (2012) Mol. Biol. Rep. 39:4017.
14. Preusch, M.R. et al. (2013) Eur. J. Med. Res. 18:19.
15. Kempf, T. et al. (2011) Nat. Med. 17:581.
16. Xu, J. et al. (2006) Circ. Res. 98:342.

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: GDF15
• Uniprot:
  • Q99988()