Recombinant Mouse IL-34 Protein

• Reactivity: Mu
• Applications: Bioactivity

Recombinant Mouse IL-34 Protein Summary

• Details of Functionality: Measured in a cell proliferation assay using M‑NFS‑60 mouse myelogenous leukemia lymphoblast cells. Nakoinz, I. et al. (1990) J. Immunol. 145:860. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 10‑40 ng/mL.
• Source: Mouse myeloma cell line, NS0-derived mouse IL-34 protein
  Asn21-Pro235, with a C-terminal 6-His tag
• Accession #: Q8R1R4.1
• N-terminal Sequence: Asn21
• Structure / Form: Noncovalently-linked homodimer
• Protein/Peptide Type: Recombinant Proteins
• Gene: Il34
• Purity: >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.
• Endotoxin Note: <0.01 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Bioactivity
• Theoretical MW: 25.4 kDa.
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.
• SDS-PAGE: 35-40 kDa, reducing conditions

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with BSA as a carrier protein.
• Purity: >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile PBS containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Recombinant Mouse IL-34 Protein

• C16orf77
• IL34
• IL-34
• interleukin 34

Background

Interleukin 34 (IL-34; also known as uncharacterized protein C16orf77 homolog) is a 39 kDa, secreted cytokine that belongs to no known cytokine family (1). Mouse IL-34 is synthesized as a 235 amino acid (aa) precursor with a 20 aa signal sequence and a 215 aa mature chain (SwissProt # Q8R1R4). The mature chain contains two potential sites for N-linked glycosylation. There are three isoforms for IL-34. Isoform 1 (Q8R1R4-1) is the recombinant mouse IL-34 described in this insert. Isoform 2 (Q8R1R4-2) has an 85 aa substitution for the final 101 aa’s in isoform 1, and isoform 3 (Q8R1R4-3) lacks Q81 in isoform 1. Mouse IL-34 is 71% identical to human IL-34 on the amino acid level. IL-34 is expressed in various tissues, including heart, brain, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, thymus, testes, ovary, small intestine, prostate, and colon, and it is most abundant in the spleen (1). The receptor for IL-34 is colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) (1). IL-34 stimulates monocyte viability (1). In functional studies, IL-34, like CSF-1, the other ligand for CSF-1R, stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) in human monocytes (1). In addition, IL-34 promoted the formation of the colony-forming unit-macrophage (CFU-M), a macrophage progenitor, in human bone marrow cultures (1).

1. Lin, H. et al. (2008) Science 320:807.

Publications for IL-34 (5195-ML)(19)

Publications using 5195-ML

• N Goshi, H Kim, E Seker Primary Cortical Cell Tri-Culture-Based Screening of Neuroinflammatory Response in Toll-like Receptor Activation Biomedicines, 2022-08-29;10(9):. 2022-08-29 [PMID: 36140221] (Cell Culture, Mouse)
• R Schulz, M Korkut-Dem, A Venturino, G Colombo, S Siegert Chimeric GPCRs mimic distinct signaling pathways and modulate microglia responses Nature Communications, 2022-08-15;13(1):4728. 2022-08-15 [PMID: 35970889] (Cell Culture, Human)
• W Tan, PP Su, J Leff, X Gao, J Chen, AK Guan, G Kalyanasun, A Ma, Z Guan Distinct phases of adult microglia proliferation: a Myc-mediated early phase and a Tnfaip3-mediated late phase Cell Discovery, 2022-04-12;8(1):34. 2022-04-12 [PMID: 35411038] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• M Poudel, G Kim, PY Bhattarai, JY Kim, HS Choi Interleukin-34-CSF1R Signaling Axis Promotes Epithelial Cell Transformation and Breast Tumorigenesis International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021-03-08;22(5):. 2021-03-08 [PMID: 33800170] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Obst J, Simon E, Martin-Estebane M, Pipi E, Barkwill L, Gonzalez-Rivera I, Buchanan F, Prescott A, Faust D, Fox S, Brownlees J, Taylor D, Perry V, Nuthall H, Atkinson P, Karran E, Routledge C, Gomez-Nicola D Inhibition of IL-34 Unveils Tissue-Selectivity and Is Sufficient to Reduce Microglial Proliferation in a Model of Chronic Neurodegeneration. Front Immunol, 2020-10-08;11(0):579000. 2020-10-08 [PMID: 33162994] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• KA Guttenplan, MK Weigel, DI Adler, J Couthouis, SA Liddelow, AD Gitler, BA Barres Knockout of reactive astrocyte activating factors slows disease progression in an ALS mouse model Nat Commun, 2020-07-27;11(1):3753. 2020-07-27 [PMID: 32719333] (Cell Culture, Mouse)
• P Xu, C Shan, TJ Dunn, X Xie, H Xia, J Gao, J Allende La, J Zou, PP Villarreal, CR Schlagal, Y Yu, G Vargas, SL Rossi, N Vasilakis, PY Shi, SC Weaver, P Wu Role of microglia in the dissemination of Zika virus from mother to fetal brain PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2020-07-06;14(7):e0008413. 2020-07-06 [PMID: 32628667] (Cell Culture, Mouse)
• N Goshi, RK Morgan, PJ Lein, E Seker A primary neural cell culture model to study neuron, astrocyte, and microglia interactions in neuroinflammation J Neuroinflammation, 2020-05-11;17(1):155. 2020-05-11 [PMID: 32393376] (Cell Culture, Rat)
• K Schlepckow, KM Monroe, G Kleinberge, L Cantuti-Ca, S Parhizkar, D Xia, M Willem, G Werner, N Pettkus, B Brunner, A Sülzen, B Nuscher, H Hampel, X Xiang, R Feederle, S Tahirovic, JI Park, R Prorok, C Mahon, CC Liang, J Shi, DJ Kim, H Sabelström, F Huang, G Di Paolo, M Simons, JW Lewcock, C Haass Enhancing protective microglial activities with a dual function TREM2 antibody to the stalk region EMBO Mol Med, 2020-03-10;0(0):e11227. 2020-03-10 [PMID: 32154671] (Cell Culture, Mouse)
• WeiYu Lin, Daqi Xu, Cary D. Austin, Patrick Caplazi, Kate Senger, Yonglian Sun et al. Function of CSF1 and IL34 in Macrophage Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Cancer Frontiers in Immunology 2019-09-04 [PMID: 31552020] (ELISA Standard, Mouse)
• LP Bernier, CJ Bohlen, EM York, HB Choi, A Kamyabi, L Dissing-Ol, JK Hefendehl, HY Collins, B Stevens, BA Barres, BA MacVicar Nanoscale Surveillance of the Brain by Microglia via cAMP-Regulated Filopodia Cell Rep, 2019-06-04;27(10):2895-2908.e4. 2019-06-04 [PMID: 31167136] (Bioassay, Rat)
• CJ Bohlen, FC Bennett, AF Tucker, HY Collins, SB Mulinyawe, BA Barres Diverse Requirements for Microglial Survival, Specification, and Function Revealed by Defined-Medium Cultures Neuron, 2017-05-17;94(4):759-773.e8. 2017-05-17 [PMID: 28521131] (Bioassay, Rat)
• Role of chondroitin sulfate (CS) modification in the regulation of protein tyrosine receptor type Z (PTPRZ) activity: pleiotrophin-PTPRZ-A signaling is involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation J Biol Chem, 2016-07-21;0(0):. 2016-07-21 [PMID: 27445335] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Jin , Shijie, Sonobe , Yoshifum, Kawanokuchi , Jun, Horiuchi , Hiroshi, Cheng , Yi, Wang , Yue, Mizuno , Tetsuya, Takeuchi , Hideyuki, Suzumura , Akio Interleukin-34 restores blood-brain barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins in endothelial cells. PLoS ONE, 2014-12-23;9(12):e115981. 2014-12-23 [PMID: 25535736] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Bostrom E, Lundberg P The newly discovered cytokine IL-34 is expressed in gingival fibroblasts, shows enhanced expression by pro-inflammatory cytokines, and stimulates osteoclast differentiation. PLoS ONE, 2013-12-10;8(12):e81665. 2013-12-10 [PMID: 24339952] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Yamane F, Nishikawa Y, Matsui K, Asakura M, Iwasaki E, Watanabe K, Tanimoto H, Sano H, Fujiwara Y, Stanley E, Kanayama N, Mabbott N, Magari M, Ohmori H CSF-1 receptor-mediated differentiation of a new type of monocytic cell with B cell-stimulating activity: its selective dependence on IL-34. J Leukoc Biol, 2013-09-19;95(1):19-31. 2013-09-19 [PMID: 24052571] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Huynh D, Akcora D, Malaterre J, Chan C, Dai X, Bertoncello I, Stanley E, Ramsay R CSF-1 receptor-dependent colon development, homeostasis and inflammatory stress response. PLoS ONE, 2013-02-22;8(2):e56951. 2013-02-22 [PMID: 23451116] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Luo , Jian, Elwood , Fiona, Britschgi , Markus, Villeda , Saul, Zhang , Hui, Ding , Zhaoqing, Zhu , Liyin, Alabsi , Haitham, Getachew , Ruth, Narasimhan , Ramya, Wabl , Rafael, Fainberg , Nina, James , Michelle, Wong , Gordon, Relton , Jane, Gambhir , Sanjiv S, Pollard , Jeffrey, Wyss-Coray , Tony Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling in injured neurons facilitates protection and survival. J Exp Med, 2013-01-07;210(1):157-72. 2013-01-07 [PMID: 23296467] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Cloning and expression of feline colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R) and analysis of the species specificity of stimulation by colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34). Cytokine, 2012-12-19;61(2):630-8. 2012-12-19 [PMID: 23260168] (Bioassay, Feline)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: Il34
• Uniprot:
  • Q8R1R4.1()