Recombinant Mouse IL-21 Protein, CF

Recombinant Mouse IL-21 (Catalog # 594‑ML/CF) enhance IFN-gamma secretion in NK-92 human natural killer lymphoma cells. The ED50 is ≤8 ng/mL.

1 μg/lane of Recombinant Mouse IL-21 was resolved with SDS-PAGE under reducing (R) conditions and visualized by silver staining, showing a single band at 15 kDa.

• Reactivity: Mu
• Applications: Bioactivity
• Format: Carrier-Free

Recombinant Mouse IL-21 Protein, CF Summary

• Details of Functionality: Measured by its ability to enhance IFN-gamma secretion in NK-92 human natural killer lymphoma cells. The ED 50 for this effect is 3-30 ng/mL.
• Source: E. coli-derived mouse IL-21 protein Pro25-Ser146, with and without an N-terminal Met
• Accession #: Q9ES17.1
• N-terminal Sequence: Pro25 & Met
• Protein/Peptide Type: Recombinant Proteins
• Gene: Il21
• Purity: >97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain
• Endotoxin Note: <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Bioactivity
• Theoretical MW: 14.4 kDa.
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 degreesC as supplied. 3 months, 2 to 8 degreesC under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS.
• Purity: >97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile PBS.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Recombinant Mouse IL-21 Protein, CF

• CVID11
• IL21
• IL-21
• IL-21Za11interleukin-21
• interleukin 21
• interleukin-21 isoform
• Za11

Background

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an approximately 14 kDa four-helix-bundle cytokine in the family of cytokines that utilize the common gamma chain ( gamma c ) as a receptor subunit. gamma c is also a subunit of the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 (1). IL-21 is produced by activated T follicular helper cells (Tfh), Th17 cells, and NKT cells (2-6). It exerts its biological effects through a heterodimeric receptor complex of gamma c and the IL-21-specific IL-21 R (2, 7). Tfh-derived IL-21 plays an important role in the development of humoral immunity through its autocrine effects on the Tfh cell and paracrine effects on immunoglobulin affinity maturation, plasma cell differentiation, and B cell memory responses (4, 8, 9). It is also required for the migration of dendritic cells to draining lymph nodes (10). IL-21 regulates several aspects of T cell function. It co-stimulates the activation, proliferation, and survival of CD8 + T cells and NKT cells and promotes Th17 cell polarization (3, 5, 6, 11, 12). It blocks the generation of regulatory T cells and their suppressive effects on CD4 + T cells (13, 14). IL-21 R engagement enhances the cytolytic activity and IFN-gamma production of activated NK cells but limits the expansion of resting NK cells (15). In addition, IL-21 suppresses cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions by limiting allergen-specific IgE production and mast cell degranulation (16). Dysregulation of the IL-21/IL-21 R system contributes to the development of multiple immunological disorders (1, 17). The mouse IL-21 precursor contains a predicted 17 amino acid (aa) signal sequence and a 129 aa mature chain. Mature mouse IL-21 shares 66%, 59%, 58%, and 88% aa sequence identity with mature canine, human, rabbit, and rat IL-21, respectively.

1. Leonard, W.J. et al. (2008) J. Leukoc. Biol. 84:348.
2. Parrish-Novak, et al. (2000) Nature 408:57.
3. Coquet, J.M. et al. (2007) J. Immunol. 178:2827.
4. Vogelzang, A. et al. (2008) Immunity 29:127.
5. Korn, T. et al. (2007) Nature 448:484.
6. Nurieva, R. et al. (2007) Nature 448:480.
7. Asao, H. et al. (2001) J. Immunol. 167:1.
8. Zotos, D. et al. (2010) J. Exp. Med. 207:365.
9. Rankin, A.L. et al. (2011) J. Immunol. 186:667.
10. Jin, H. et al. (2009) J. Clin. Invest. 119:47.
11. Frohlich, A. et al. (2009) Science 324:1576.
12. Yi, J.S., et al. (2009) Science 324:1572.
13. Peluso, I. et al. (2007) J. Immunol. 178:732.
14. Bucher, C. et al. (2009) Blood 114:5375.
15. Kasaian, M.T. et al. (2002) Immunity 16:559.
16. Tamagawa-Mineoka, R. et al. (2011) J. Invest. Dermatol. 131:1513.
17. Ma, J. et al. (2011) Cytokine 56:133.

Publications for IL-21 (594-ML/CF)(46)

Publications using 594-ML/CF

• H Huang, Y Li, G Zhang, GX Ruan, Z Zhu, W Chen, J Zou, R Zhang, J Wang, Y Ouyang, S Xu, X Ou The RNA-binding protein hnRNP F is required for the germinal center B cell response Nature Communications, 2023-03-30;14(1):1731. 2023-03-30 [PMID: 36997512] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• AJI Quenum, MA Santharam, S Ramanathan, S Ilangumara Inflammatory Cytokines That Enhance Antigen Responsiveness of Na�ve CD8+ T Lymphocytes Modulate Chromatin Accessibility of Genes Impacted by Antigen Stimulation International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022-11-16;23(22):. 2022-11-16 [PMID: 36430600] (Bioassay, Transgenic Mouse)
• R Mary, F Chalmin, T Accogli, M Bruchard, C Hibos, J Melin, C Truntzer, E Limagne, V Derangère, M Thibaudin, E Humblin, R Boidot, S Chevrier, L Arnould, C Richard, Q Klopfenste, A Bernard, Y Urade, JA Harker, L Apetoh, F Ghiringhel, F Végran Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D2 Synthase Controls Tfh/Th2 Communication and Limits Tfh Antitumor Effects Cancer Immunology Research, 2022-07-01;0(0):OF1-OF17. 2022-07-01 [PMID: 35612500] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• D Zotos, I Quast, CSN Li-Wai-Sue, CI McKenzie, MJ Robinson, A Kan, GK Smyth, PD Hodgkin, DM Tarlinton The concerted change in the distribution of cell cycle phases and zone composition in germinal centers is regulated by IL-21 Nature Communications, 2021-12-09;12(1):7160. 2021-12-09 [PMID: 34887406] (Bioassay, Mouse, Transgenic Mouse)
• A Singh, M Dashynam, B Chim, TM Escobar, X Liu, X Hu, S Patnaik, X Xu, N Southall, J Marugan, A Jadhav, V Lazarevic, SA Muljo, M Ferrer Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors of a Mir155 Transcriptional Reporter in Th17 Cells Scientific Reports, 2021-06-01;11(1):11498. 2021-06-01 [PMID: 34075120] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• M Matsuda, K Doi, T Tsutsumi, M Inaba, J Hamaguchi, T Terada, R Kawata, K Kitatani, T Nabe Adoptive transfer of type 1 regulatory T cells suppressed the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation model mice J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2019-11-02;141(4):139-145. 2019-11-02 [PMID: 31744690] (Cell Culture, Mouse)
• X Yang, J Zhao, S Duan, X Hou, X Li, Z Hu, Z Tang, F Mo, X Lu Enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocytes recruitment targeting tumor vasculatures by endoglin aptamer and IP-10 plasmid presenting liposome-based nanocarriers Theranostics, 2019-05-31;9(14):4066-4083. 2019-05-31 [PMID: 31281532] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• WF Yen, R Sharma, M Cols, CM Lau, A Chaudhry, P Chowdhury, WT Yewdell, B Vaidyanath, A Sun, M Coffre, JN Pucella, CC Chen, M Jasin, JC Sun, AY Rudensky, SB Koralov, J Chaudhuri Distinct Requirements of CHD4 during B Cell Development and Antibody Response Cell Rep, 2019-04-30;27(5):1472-1486.e5. 2019-04-30 [PMID: 31042474] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• M Amir, S Chaudhari, R Wang, S Campbell, SA Mosure, LB Chopp, Q Lu, J Shang, OB Pelletier, Y He, C Doebelin, MD Cameron, DJ Kojetin, TM Kamenecka, LA Solt REV-ERB? Regulates TH17 Cell Development and Autoimmunity Cell Rep, 2018-12-26;25(13):3733-3749.e8. 2018-12-26 [PMID: 30590045]
• Q Cheng, J Liu, Y Pei, Y Zhang, D Zhou, W Pan, J Zhang Neddylation contributes to CD4+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against blood-stage Plasmodium infection PLoS Pathog., 2018-11-21;14(11):e1007440. 2018-11-21 [PMID: 30462731] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• B Zwarycz, AD Gracz, KR Rivera, IA Williamson, LA Samsa, J Starmer, MA Daniele, L Salter-Cid, Q Zhao, ST Magness IL22 Inhibits Epithelial Stem Cell Expansion in an Ileal Organoid Model Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018-07-04;7(1):1-17. 2018-07-04 [PMID: 30364840] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• W Ise, K Fujii, K Shiroguchi, A Ito, K Kometani, K Takeda, E Kawakami, K Yamashita, K Suzuki, T Okada, T Kurosaki T Follicular Helper Cell-Germinal Center B Cell Interaction Strength Regulates Entry into Plasma Cell or Recycling Germinal Center Cell Fate Immunity, 2018-04-17;48(4):702-715.e4. 2018-04-17 [PMID: 29669250] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• B Sun, L Zhu, Y Tao, HX Sun, Y Li, P Wang, Y Hou, Y Zhao, X Zhang, L Zhang, N Na, Y Zhao Characterization and allergic role of IL-33-induced neutrophil polarization Cell. Mol. Immunol., 2018-03-05;0(0):. 2018-03-05 [PMID: 29503441] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• A Muschaweck, F Petermann, T Korn IL-1? and IL-23 Promote Extrathymic Commitment of CD27(+)CD122(-) ?? T Cells to ??T17 Cells J. Immunol., 2017-08-30;0(0):. 2017-08-30 [PMID: 28855314] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• L Tan, S Han, S Ding, W Xiao, Y Ding, L Qian, C Wang, W Gong Chitosan nanoparticle-based delivery of fused NKG2D-IL-21 gene suppresses colon cancer growth in mice Int J Nanomedicine, 2017-04-13;12(0):3095-3107. 2017-04-13 [PMID: 28450784] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Egr2 and Egr3 in regulatory T cells cooperatively control systemic autoimmunity through Ltbp3-mediated TGF-?3 production Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2016-11-30;113(50):E8131-E8140. 2016-11-30 [PMID: 27911796] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Teichmann L, Cullen J, Kashgarian M, Dong C, Craft J, Shlomchik M Local triggering of the ICOS coreceptor by CD11c(+) myeloid cells drives organ inflammation in lupus. Immunity, 2015-03-17;42(3):552-65. 2015-03-17 [PMID: 25786178] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Basu R, Whitley S, Bhaumik S, Zindl C, Schoeb T, Benveniste E, Pear W, Hatton R, Weaver C IL-1 signaling modulates activation of STAT transcription factors to antagonize retinoic acid signaling and control the TH17 cell-iTreg cell balance. Nat Immunol, 2015-02-02;16(3):286-95. 2015-02-02 [PMID: 25642823] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Beverley P, Ruzsics Z, Hey A, Hutchings C, Boos S, Bolinger B, Marchi E, O'Hara G, Klenerman P, Koszinowski U, Tchilian E A novel murine cytomegalovirus vaccine vector protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol, 2014-07-28;193(5):2306-16. 2014-07-28 [PMID: 25070842] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Hou Y, Lin H, Zhu L, Liu Z, Hu F, Shi J, Yang T, Shi X, Guo H, Tan X, Zhang L, Wang Q, Li Z, Zhao Y The inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on protease HTRA1 expression in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol, 2014-06-06;193(1):130-8. 2014-06-06 [PMID: 24907345] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Zhu E, Wang X, Zheng B, Wang Q, Hao J, Chen S, Zhao Q, Zhao L, Wu Z, Yin Z miR-20b suppresses Th17 differentiation and the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by targeting RORgammat and STAT3. J Immunol, 2014-05-19;192(12):5599-609. 2014-05-19 [PMID: 24842756] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Yeste A, Mascanfroni I, Nadeau M, Burns E, Tukpah A, Santiago A, Wu C, Patel B, Kumar D, Quintana F IL-21 induces IL-22 production in CD4+ T cells. Nat Commun, 2014-05-06;5(0):3753. 2014-05-06 [PMID: 24796415] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Goenka , Radhika, Matthews , Andrew H, Zhang , Bochao, O'Neill , Patrick, Scholz , Jean L, Migone , Thi-Sau, Leonard , Warren J, Stohl , William, Hershberg , Uri, Cancro , Michael Local BLyS production by T follicular cells mediates retention of high affinity B cells during affinity maturation. J Exp Med, 2013-12-23;211(1):45-56. 2013-12-23 [PMID: 24367004] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Mastrofrancesco A, Kovacs D, Sarra M, Bastonini E, Cardinali G, Aspite N, Camera E, Chavatte P, Desreumaux P, Monteleone G, Picardo M Preclinical studies of a specific PPARgamma modulator in the control of skin inflammation. J Invest Dermatol, 2013-10-28;134(4):1001-11. 2013-10-28 [PMID: 24166135] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Yamane F, Nishikawa Y, Matsui K, Asakura M, Iwasaki E, Watanabe K, Tanimoto H, Sano H, Fujiwara Y, Stanley E, Kanayama N, Mabbott N, Magari M, Ohmori H CSF-1 receptor-mediated differentiation of a new type of monocytic cell with B cell-stimulating activity: its selective dependence on IL-34. J Leukoc Biol, 2013-09-19;95(1):19-31. 2013-09-19 [PMID: 24052571] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Hwang I, Hwang K, Park C, Harrison K, Kehrl J Rgs13 constrains early B cell responses and limits germinal center sizes. PLoS ONE, 2013-03-22;8(3):e60139. 2013-03-22 [PMID: 23533672] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Sutherland A, Joller N, Michaud M, Liu S, Kuchroo V, Grusby M IL-21 promotes CD8+ CTL activity via the transcription factor T-bet. J Immunol, 2013-03-11;190(8):3977-84. 2013-03-11 [PMID: 23479229] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Wan C, Oh J, Li P, West E, Wong E, Andraski A, Spolski R, Yu Z, He J, Kelsall B, Leonard W The cytokines IL-21 and GM-CSF have opposing regulatory roles in the apoptosis of conventional dendritic cells. Immunity, 2013-02-28;38(3):514-27. 2013-02-28 [PMID: 23453633] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Michel M, Pang D, Haque S, Potocnik A, Pennington D, Hayday A Interleukin 7 (IL-7) selectively promotes mouse and human IL-17-producing gammadelta cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012-10-09;109(43):17549-54. 2012-10-09 [PMID: 23047700] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Regulation of innate CD8+ T-cell activation mediated by cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012-06-04;109(25):9971-6. 2012-06-04 [PMID: 22665806] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Klebanoff CA, Gattinoni L, Palmer DC, Muranski P, Ji Y, Hinrichs CS, Borman ZA, Kerkar SP, Scott CD, Finkelstein SE, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP Determinants of Successful CD8+ T-Cell Adoptive Immunotherapy for Large Established Tumors in Mice. Clin. Cancer Res., 2011-07-07;17(16):5343-52. 2011-07-07 [PMID: 21737507] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Kaplan MH, Glosson NL, Stritesky GL, Yeh N, Kinzfogl J, Rohrabaugh SL, Goswami R, Pham D, Levy DE, Brutkiewicz RR, Blum JS, Cooper S, Hangoc G, Broxmeyer HE STAT3-dependent IL-21 production from T helper cells regulates hematopoietic progenitor cell homeostasis. Blood, 2011-04-19;117(23):6198-201. 2011-04-19 [PMID: 21505191] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Sarra M, Caruso R, Cupi ML, Monteleone I, Stolfi C, Campione E, Diluvio L, Mazzotta A, Botti E, Chimenti S, Costanzo A, MacDonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G IL-21 Promotes Skin Recruitment of CD4+ Cells and Drives IFN-{gamma}-Dependent Epidermal Hyperplasia. J. Immunol., 2011-03-25;186(9):5435-42. 2011-03-25 [PMID: 21441456] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Kishida T, Mazda O IL-21 Reduces Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions in Mouse Skin by Suppressing Mast Cell Activation or IgE Production. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2011-03-24;131(7):1513-20. 2011-03-24 [PMID: 21430699] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Kayamuro H, Yoshioka Y, Abe Y, Arita S, Katayama K, Nomura T, Yoshikawa T, Kubota-Koketsu R, Ikuta K, Okamoto S, Mori Y, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H, Itoh N, Nagano K, Kamada H, Tsutsumi Y, Tsunoda S Interleukin-1 family cytokines as mucosal vaccine adjuvants for induction of protective immunity against influenza virus. J. Virol., 2010-09-29;84(24):12703-12. 2010-09-29 [PMID: 20881038] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Jones GW, Stumhofer JS, Foster T, Twohig JP, Hertzog P, Topley N, Williams AS, Hunter CA, Jenkins BJ, Wang EC, Jones SA Naive and activated T cells display differential responsiveness to TL1A that affects Th17 generation, maintenance, and proliferation. FASEB J., 2010-09-08;25(1):409-19. 2010-09-08 [PMID: 20826539] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Suzuki K, Maruya M, Kawamoto S The sensing of environmental stimuli by follicular dendritic cells promotes immunoglobulin A generation in the gut. Immunity, 2010-07-23;33(1):71-83. 2010-07-23 [PMID: 20643338] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Chen G, Hardy K, Bunting K Regulation of the IL-21 gene by the NF-kappaB transcription factor c-Rel. J. Immunol., 2010-07-16;185(4):2350-9. 2010-07-16 [PMID: 20639489] (Bioassay, In Vivo, Mouse)
• Pot C, Jin H, Awasthi A Cutting edge: IL-27 induces the transcription factor c-Maf, cytokine IL-21, and the costimulatory receptor ICOS that coordinately act together to promote differentiation of IL-10-producing Tr1 cells. J. Immunol., 2009-07-01;183(2):797-801. 2009-07-01 [PMID: 19570826] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• McCullar V, Oostendorp R, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Yun G, Lutz CT, Wagner JE, Miller JS Mouse fetal and embryonic liver cells differentiate human umbilical cord blood progenitors into CD56-negative natural killer cell precursors in the absence of interleukin-15. Exp. Hematol., 2008-03-04;36(5):598-608. 2008-03-04 [PMID: 18295962] (Bioassay, Human)
• Hiromura Y, Kishida T, Nakano H, Hama T, Imanishi J, Hisa Y, Mazda O IL-21 administration into the nostril alleviates murine allergic rhinitis. J. Immunol., 2007-11-15;179(10):7157-65. 2007-11-15 [PMID: 17982108] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Young DA, Hegen M, Ma HL, Whitters MJ, Albert LM, Lowe L, Senices M, Wu PW, Sibley B, Leathurby Y, Brown TP, Nickerson-Nutter C, Keith JC, Collins M Blockade of the interleukin-21/interleukin-21 receptor pathway ameliorates disease in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2007-04-01;56(4):1152-63. 2007-04-01 [PMID: 17393408] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Liu R, Van Kaer L, La Cava A, Price M, Campagnolo DI, Collins M, Young DA, Vollmer TL, Shi FD Autoreactive T cells mediate NK cell degeneration in autoimmune disease. J. Immunol., 2006-05-01;176(9):5247-54. 2006-05-01 [PMID: 16621990] (Flow Cytometry, Mouse)
• Jungel A, Distler JH, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Seemayer CA, Seibl R, Forster A, Michel BA, Gay RE, Emmrich F, Gay S, Distler O Expression of interleukin-21 receptor, but not interleukin-21, in synovial fibroblasts and synovial macrophages of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2004-05-01;50(5):1468-76. 2004-05-01 [PMID: 15146416] (ELISA (Standard))
• Brady J, Hayakawa Y, Smyth MJ, Nutt SL IL-21 induces the functional maturation of murine NK cells. J. Immunol., 2004-02-15;172(4):2048-58. 2004-02-15 [PMID: 14764669] (Bioassay, ELISA (Standard), Mouse)
• Di Carlo E, Comes A, Orengo AM, Rosso O, Meazza R, Musiani P, Colombo MP, Ferrini S IL-21 induces tumor rejection by specific CTL and IFN-gamma-dependent CXC chemokines in syngeneic mice. J. Immunol., 2004-02-01;172(3):1540-7. 2004-02-01 [PMID: 14734732] (Western Blot)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: Il21
• Uniprot:
  • Q9ES17.1()