CD68/SR-D1 Antibody (KP1)

Product Discontinued

CD68/SR-D1 Antibody (KP1) Summary

• Immunogen: Subcellular fraction of human alveolar macrophages
• Localization: Cytoplasmic
• Marker: Macrophage Marker
• Specificity: This antibody recognizes a glycoprotein of 110kDa, which is identified as CD68. It is important for identifying macrophages in tissue sections. It stains macrophages in a wide variety of human tissues, including Kupffer cells and macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen, in lamina propria of the gut, in lung alveoli, and in bone marrow. It reacts with myeloid precursors and peripheral blood granulocytes. It also reacts with plasmacytoid T cells, which are supposed to be of monocyte/macrophage origin. It shows strong granular cytoplasmic staining of chronic and acute myeloid leukemia and also reacts with rare cases of true histiocytic neoplasia. Lymphomas are negative or show few granules.
• Isotype: IgG1 Kappa
• Clonality: Monoclonal
• Host: Mouse
• Gene: CD68
• Purity: Protein A or G purified

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Flow (Intracellular)
  • Flow Cytometry 5 - 10 ul/million cells in 0.1ml
  • Immunofluorescence 1:50 - 1:100
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin 1:100-1:200
• Application Notes: Hu-chromosome location: 17p13.1
  Immunohistology (Formalin-fixed) (0.25-0.5ug/ml for 30 minutes at RT) (Staining of formalin-fixed tissues is enhanced by boiling tissue sections in 10mM Citrate Buffer, pH 6.0, for 10-20 min followed by cooling at RT for 20 minutes)
• Theoretical MW: 110 kDa.
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Store at 4C.
• Buffer: 10mM PBS and 0.05% BSA
• Preservative: 0.05% Sodium Azide
• Concentration: 0.2 mg/ml
• Purity: Protein A or G purified

Alternate Names for CD68/SR-D1 Antibody (KP1)

• CD_antigen: CD68
• CD68 antigen
• CD68 molecule
• CD68
• DKFZp686M18236
• gp110
• LAMP4
• macrophage antigen CD68
• Macrosialin
• SCARD1
• scavenger receptor class D, member 1
• SRD1
• SR-D1

Background

Human CD68, also known as GP110, LAMP4, Scavenger Receptor D1 (SR-D1) or macrosialin in mouse, encodes a 110-kD transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the lysosomal/endosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP) family. Members of the LAMP family include LAMP-1, LAMP-2, dendritic cell (DC)-LAMP (aka CD208), and brain and dendritic cell-associated (BAD)-LAMP (aka LAMP-5). Unlike the two LAMP domains facing the lysosomal lumen in LAMP-1 and LAMP-2, CD68 has a single LAMP domain containing four cystines spaced 36-37 residues apart along with an N-terminal Mucin-like domain. The 354 amino acid (a.a.) human CD68 and 326 a.a. murine ortholog share 80.6% a.a. sequence identity (1).

CD68 is highly expressed in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system such as macrophages, microglia, osteoclasts, and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs); and is expressed to a lesser extent in lymphoid cells (CD19+ B lymphocytes and CD4+ T lymphocytes), human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), fibroblasts, endothelial cells, multiple non-hematopoietic cancer cell lines, and human arterial intimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Expression has been also observed in diseased states for granulocytes and neutrophils, in particular basophils from myeloproliferative disorders and intestinal neutrophils from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), respectively (1).

Although the function of CD68 has yet to be established, it has often been used as an immunohistochemistry (IHC) marker of inflammation and for granular cell tumors (GCTs). CD68+ tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) has been suggested to be a predictive marker for poor cancer prognosis, but a meta-analysis showed the presence of CD68 is not correlated with survival (2). In addition, a role in hepatic malaria infection has been reported based on the finding that peptide P39 binds CD68, considered a receptor for malaria sporozoite, and inhibits parasite entry into Kupffer cells. CD68 was deemed a member of the Scavenger receptor family due to its upregulation in macrophages following inflammatory stimuli, ability to bind modified LDL, phosphatidylserine, and apoptotic cells, as well as shuttling between the plasma membrane and endosomes. CD68 has been linked to atherogenesis based on binding and internalization of its ligand, oxLDL (1).

References

1. Chistiakov, DA, Killingsworth, MC, Myasoedova, VA. Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. (2017) CD68/macrosialin: not just a histochemical marker. Lab Invest. 97:4-13. PMID: 27869795

2. Troiano G, Caponio VCA, Adipietro I, Tepedino M, Santoro R, Laino L, Lo Russo L, Cirillo N, Lo Muzio L. (2019) Prognostic significance of CD68+ and CD163+ tumor associated macrophages in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 93:66-75. PMID: 31109698.

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Publications for CD68/SR-D1 Antibody (NBP2-44539)(6)

Publications using NBP2-44539

• Larionova I, Kiselev A, Kazakova E et al. Tumor-associated macrophages respond to chemotherapy by detrimental transcriptional reprogramming and suppressing stabilin-1 mediated clearance of EGF Frontiers in immunology 2023-03-07 [PMID: 36960065] (IHC-P, Human)
  
  Details:
  Dilution used in IHC-P 1:100
• Kazakova E, Rakina M, Sudarskikh T et al. Angiogenesis regulators S100A4, SPARC and SPP1 correlate with macrophage infiltration and are prognostic biomarkers in colon and rectal cancers Frontiers in oncology 2023-02-21 [PMID: 36895491] (ICC/IF, Human)
  
  Details:
  Dilution: 1:100
• Larionova I, Patysheva M, Iamshchikov P et al. PFKFB3 overexpression in monocytes of patients with colon but not rectal cancer programs pro-tumor macrophages and is indicative for higher risk of tumor relapse Frontiers in immunology 2023-01-17 [PMID: 36733385] (IHC-P, Human)
  
  Details:
  1:100 IHC-P dilution
• Clayton SA, Daley KK, MacDonald L et al. Inflammation causes remodeling of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase mediated by the bifunctional gene C15orf48 Science advances 2021-12-10 [PMID: 34878835]
• Ducas A, Kuhn D, Bath L et al. Variation in tumor pH affects pH-triggered delivery of peptide-modified magnetic nanoparticles JVS: Vascular Science 2020-10-21 [PMID: 33096245] (IHC-P, Mouse)
• Rakina M, Kazakova E, Sudaskikh T et al. Giant foam-like macrophages in advanced ovarian cancer Siberian journal of oncology 2022-05-05 (ICC/IF, IHC-P, Human)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: CD68