VEGF-D Antibody [Unconjugated]

VEGF‑D was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of mouse lung tissue using Goat Anti-Mouse VEGF‑D Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF469) at 15 µg/mL for 1 hour at room temperature followed by incubation with the Anti-Goat IgG VisUCyte™ HRP Polymer Antibody (Catalog # VC004). Before incubation with the primary antibody, tissue was subjected to heat-induced epitope retrieval using Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Basic (Catalog # CTS013). Tissue was stained using DAB (brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Specific staining was localized to cytoplasm in pneumocytes in lung. View our protocol for IHC Staining with VisUCyte HRP Polymer Detection Reagents.

• Reactivity: Mu
• Applications: WB, IHC
• Clonality: Polyclonal
• Host: Goat
• Conjugate: Unconjugated
• Concentration: LYOPH

VEGF-D Antibody [Unconjugated] Summary

• Immunogen: E. coli-derived recombinant mouse VEGF-D
  Phe98-Ser206
  Accession # P97946
• Specificity: Detects mouse VEGF-D in direct ELISAs and Western blots. In direct ELISAs, less than 40% cross-reactivity with recombinant human (rh) VEGF-D is observed, and less than 1% cross-reactivity with recombinant mouse (rm) VEGF_115, rmVEGF_120, rhVEGF, rhVEGF-B, and rmVEGF₁₆₅ is observed.
• Source: N/A
• Isotype: IgG
• Clonality: Polyclonal
• Host: Goat
• Gene: FIGF
• Purity Statement: Antigen Affinity-purified

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Immunohistochemistry 5-15 ug/mL
  • Western Blot 0.1 ug/mL

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied either lyophilized or as a 0.2 µm filtered solution in PBS.
• Preservative: No Preservative
• Concentration: LYOPH
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 0.2 mg/mL in sterile PBS.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for VEGF-D Antibody [Unconjugated]

• c-fos induced growth factor (vascular endothelial growth factor D)
• FIGF
• vascular endothelial growth factor D
• VEGFD
• VEGF-D
• VEGF-DVEGFDc-Fos-induced growth factor

Background

Vascular endothelia growth factor D (VEGF-D), also known as c-fos-induced growth factor (FIGF), is a secreted glycoprotein of the VEGF/PDGF family. VEGFs regulate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during development and tumor growth, and are characterized by eight conserved cysteine residues that form a cysteine-knot structure (1‑3). VEGF-C and VEGF-D, which share 23% amino acid (aa) sequence identity, are uniquely expressed as preproproteins that contain long N- and C-terminal propeptide extensions around the VEGF homology domain (VHD) (1, 2). Proteolytic processing of either 358 aa or 326 aa splice forms of mouse VEGF-D preproprotein creates a secreted proprotein. Further processing by extracellular serine proteases, such as plasmin or furin-like proprotein convertases, forms mature VEGF-D consisting of non-covalently linked 42 kDa homodimers of the 117 aa VHD (4‑7). Mature mouse VEGF-D shares 94%, 99%, 93%, 91% and 89% aa identity with the VHD of human, rat, equine, canine and bovine VEGF-D, respectively. It is expressed in adult lung, heart, muscle, and small intestine, and is most abundantly expressed in fetal lungs and skin (1-4). Mouse and human VEGF-D are ligands for VEGF receptor 3 (VEGF-R3, also called Flt-4) that are active across species and show enhanced affinity when processed (8). Unlike human VEGF‑D, which is also a ligand for VEGF-R2 (also called Flk-1 or KDR), mouse VEGF-D does not bind to VEGF-R2 (8). VEGF-R3 is strongly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells and is essential for regulation of the growth and differentiation of lymphatic endothelium (1, 2). While VEGF-C is the critical ligand for VEGF-R3 during embryonic lymphatic development, VEGF-D is most active in neonatal lymphatic maturation and bone growth (9‑11). Both promote tumor lymphangiogenesis (12). Consonant with their activity on VEGF receptors, binding of VEGF-C and VEGF-D to neuropilins contributes to VEGF-R3 signaling in lymphangiogenesis, while binding to integrin alpha 9 beta 1 mediates endothelial cell adhesion and migration (13, 14).

1. Roy, H. et al. (2006) FEBS Lett. 580:2879.
2. Otrock, Z.H. et al. (2007) Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 38:258.
3. Orlandini, M. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11675.
4. Stacker, S.A. et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:32127.
5. McColl, B.K. et al. (2003) J. Exp. Med. 198:863.
6. McColl, B.K. et al. (2007) FASEB J. 21:1088.
7. Baldwin, M.E. et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:44307.
8. Baldwin, M.E. et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:19166.
9. Baldwin, M.E. et al. (2005) Mol. Cell. Biol. 25:2441.
10. Karpanen, T. et al. (2006) Am. J. Pathol. 169:708.
11. Orlandini, M. et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281:17961.
12. Stacker, S.A. et al. (2001) Nature Med. 7:186.
13. Karpanen, T. et al. (2006) FASEB J. 20:1462.
14. Vlahakis, N.E. et al. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280:4544.

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Publications for VEGF-D Antibody (AF469)(11)

Publications using AF469

• Damon-Soubeyrand C, Bongiovanni A, Chorfa A et al. Three-dimensional imaging of vascular development in the mouse epididymis eLife 6/13/2023 [PMID: 37310207]
• AN Jiang, B Wang, S Wang, K Zhao, H Wu, K Yan, W Wu, W Yang The study of direct and indirect effects of radiofrequency ablation on tumor microenvironment in liver tumor animal model BMC Cancer, 2022-06-17;22(1):663. 2022-06-17 [PMID: 35710408] (IHC, Mouse)
• Peter Baluk, Donald M. McDonald Imaging Blood Vessels and Lymphatics in Mouse Trachea Wholemounts Methods in Molecular Biology 9/6/2022 [PMID: 35099733]
• M Honda, Y Ito, K Hattori, K Hosono, K Sekiguchi, K Tsujikawa, N Unno, M Majima Inhibition of receptor activity-modifying protein 1 suppresses the development of endometriosis and the formation of blood and lymphatic vessels J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2020-09-01;0(0):. 2020-09-01 [PMID: 32869443] (IHC, Mouse)
• Daniela Mauceri, Bettina Buchthal, Thekla J. Hemstedt, Ursula Weiss, Christian D. Klein, Hilmar Bading Nasally delivered VEGFD mimetics mitigate stroke-induced dendrite loss and brain damage Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4/14/2020 [PMID: 32229571]
• Peter Baluk, Donald M. McDonald Imaging Lymphatics in Mouse Lungs Methods in Molecular Biology 4/29/2019 [PMID: 30242759]
• Elena N. Atochina-Vasserman, Elena Abramova, Melane L. James, Ryan Rue, Amy Y. Liu, Nathan Tessema Ersumo et al. Pharmacological targeting of VEGFR signaling with axitinib inhibits Tsc2-null lesion growth in the mouse model of lymphangioleiomyomatosis American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 12/15/2015 [PMID: 26432869]
• Donoghue JF, McGavigan CJ, Lederman FL Dilated thin-walled blood and lymphatic vessels in human endometrium: a potential role for VEGF-D in progestin-induced break-through bleeding. PLoS ONE, 2012-02-17;7(2):e30916. 2012-02-17 [PMID: 22383980] (IHC-P, Human)
• Wen J, Fu AF, Chen LJ, Xie XJ, Yang GL, Chen XC, Wang YS, Li J, Chen P, Tang MH, Shao XM, Lu Y, Zhao X, Wei YQ Liposomal honokiol inhibits VEGF-D-induced lymphangiogenesis and metastasis in xenograft tumor model. Int. J. Cancer, 2009-06-01;124(11):2709-18. 2009-06-01 [PMID: 19219913] (Western Blot, Human)
• Kivela R, Silvennoinen M, Lehti M, Kainulainen H, Vihko V Effects of acute exercise, exercise training, and diabetes on the expression of lymphangiogenic growth factors and lymphatic vessels in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2007-08-31;293(4):H2573-9. 2007-08-31 [PMID: 17766486] (IHC-Fr, Mouse)
• Le Bras B, Barallobre MJ, Homman-Ludiye J, Ny A, Wyns S, Tammela T, Haiko P, Karkkainen MJ, Yuan L, Muriel MP, Chatzopoulou E, Breant C, Zalc B, Carmeliet P, Alitalo K, Eichmann A, Thomas JL VEGF-C is a trophic factor for neural progenitors in the vertebrate embryonic brain. Nat. Neurosci., 2006-02-05;9(3):340-8. 2006-02-05 [PMID: 16462734] (IHC-Fr, Mouse)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: FIGF
• Uniprot:
  • P97946()