Recombinant Mouse GDF-15 Protein, CF

In a functional ELISA, Recombinant Mouse GDF-15 (Catalog # 8944-GD) binds to Recombinant Mouse GFR alpha -like Fc Chimera (9844-GR) with an ED50 of 0.500-5.00 ng/mL.

1 μg/lane of Recombinant Mouse GDF-15 (Catalog # 8944-GD) was resolved with SDS-PAGE under reducing (R) and non-reducing (NR) conditions and visualized by silver staining, showing bands at 10.5 kDa and 22 kDa, respectively.

• Reactivity: Mu
• Applications: Bioactivity
• Format: Carrier-Free

Recombinant Mouse GDF-15 Protein, CF Summary

• Details of Functionality: Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Recombinant Mouse GDF-15 (Catalog # 8944-GD) binds to Recombinant Mouse GFR alpha -like Fc Chimera (Catalog # 9844-GR) with an ED₅₀ of 0.500-5.00 ng/mL.
• Source: E. coli-derived mouse GDF-15 protein
  Ser189-Ala303
• Accession #: Q9Z0J7
• N-terminal Sequence: Ser189
• Structure / Form: Disulfide-linked homodimer
• Protein/Peptide Type: Recombinant Proteins
• Gene: Gdf15
• Purity: >90%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.
• Endotoxin Note: <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Bioactivity
• Theoretical MW: 13 kDa.
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.
• SDS-PAGE: 9-13 kDa, reducing conditions

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in HCl.
• Purity: >90%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 250 μg/mL in 4 mM HCl.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Recombinant Mouse GDF-15 Protein, CF

• GDF15
• GDF-15
• growth differentiation factor 15
• growth/differentiation factor 15
• Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1
• MIC-1
• MIC-1NSAID-activated gene 1 protein
• MIC1Prostate differentiation factor
• NAG-1
• NAG-1NSAID-regulated gene 1 protein
• NSAID (nonsteroidal inflammatory drug)-activated protein 1
• PDF
• PDFGDF-15
• PLAB
• PLABNRG-1
• Placental bone morphogenetic protein
• Placental TGF-beta
• PTGF-beta
• PTGFBPTGF-beta

Background

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), also called Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 (MIC-1), Placental Transforming Growth Factor  beta , Prostate-derived Factor, and Placental Bone Morphogenetic Protein, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily. Cellular responses to TGF-beta proteins are mediated by hetero-oligomeric complexes of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors (1-3). GDF-15 is highly expressed in placenta and brain, and it is expressed at lower levels in kidney, pancreas, prostate, and colon. Similar to other TGF-beta family proteins, GDF-15 is synthesized as a large precursor protein that is cleaved at a dibasic cleavage site (RxxR) to release the mature protein. Mature mouse GDF-15 shares 66% and 97% amino acid sequence identity with the human and rat proteins, respectively. The C-terminal domain of GDF-15 contains seven characteristic conserved cysteine residues necessary for the formation of the cysteine knot and the single inter-chain disulfide bond (4, 5). Biologically active GDF-15 is a disulfide-linked homodimer of the mature protein. GDF-15 has been shown to have various functions, including inhibition of TNF-alpha production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and the induction of cartilage formation (2, 6). GDF-15 also promotes neuronal survival, and hypothalamic expression of GDF-15 causes appetite suppression via modulation of neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin levels (7-10). GDF-15 is cardioprotective via inhibition of platelet activation, limiting atherosclerosis, promoting recovery following myocardial infarction, and regulating angiogenesis (11-15). Exposure of cardiomyocytes to GDF-15 results in Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation (16).

1. Unsicker, K. et al. (2013) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 24:373.
2. Bootcov, M.R. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:11514.
3. Fairlie, W.D. et al. (1999) J. Leukoc. Biol. 65:2.
4. Fairlie, W.D. et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:16911.
5. Bauskin, A.R. et al. (2000) EMBO J. 19:2212.
6. Paralkar, V.M. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:13760.
7. Johnen, H. et al. (2007) Nat. Med. 13:1333.
8. Strelau, J. et al. (2000) J. Neurosci. 20:8597.
9. Breit, S.N. et al. (2011) Growth Factors 29:187.
10. Strelau, J. et al. (2009) J. Neurosci. 29:13640.
11. Whitson, R.J. et al. (2013) J. Cell. Biochem. 114:1424.
12. Rossaint, J. et al. (2013) J. Thromb. Haemost. 11:335.
13. Song, H. et al. (2012) Mol. Biol. Rep. 39:4017.
14. Preusch, M.R. et al. (2013) Eur. J. Med. Res. 18:19.
15. Kempf, T. et al. (2011) Nat. Med. 17:581.
16. Xu, J. et al. (2006) Circ. Res. 98:342.

Publications for GDF-15 (8944-GD)(3)

Publications using 8944-GD

• Li, W;He, S;Tan, J;Li, N;Zhao, C;Wang, X;Zhang, Z;Liu, J;Huang, J;Li, X;Zhou, Q;Hu, K;Yang, P;Hou, S; Transcription factor EGR2 alleviates autoimmune uveitis via activation of GDF15 to modulate the retinal microglial phenotype Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2024-09-24 [PMID: 39298490] (In vivo assay, Human)
• Haensel, D;Daniel, B;Gaddam, S;Pan, C;Fabo, T;Bjelajac, J;Jussila, AR;Gonzalez, F;Li, NY;Chen, Y;Hou, J;Patel, T;Aasi, S;Satpathy, AT;Oro, AE; Skin basal cell carcinomas assemble a pro-tumorigenic spatially organized and self-propagating Trem2+ myeloid niche Nature communications 2023-05-10 [PMID: 37164949] (Cell Culture, Mouse)
• W Wang, X Yang, J Dai, Y Lu, J Zhang, ET Keller Prostate cancer promotes a vicious cycle of bone metastasis progression through inducing osteocytes to secrete GDF15 that stimulates prostate cancer growth and invasion Oncogene, 2019-02-12;0(0):. 2019-02-12 [PMID: 30755731] (Bioassay, Human)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: Gdf15
• Uniprot:
  • Q9Z0J7()