Human TGF-beta 1 Protein

Human TGF-beta 1 (Catalog # 100-B) inhibits Recombinant Mouse IL‑4 (Catalog #404-ML) induced cell proliferation in theHT-2 mouse T cell line. The ED50 for this effect is 0.04-0.2 ng/mL.

1 μg/lane of Recombinant Human TGF-beta 1 was resolved with SDS-PAGE under reducing (R) and non-reducing (NR) conditions and visualized by silver staining, showing single bands at 12 kDa and 24 kDa, respectively .

Product Discontinued

Human TGF-beta 1 Protein Summary

• Details of Functionality: Measured by its ability to inhibit the IL-4-dependent proliferation of HT‑2 mouse T cells. Tsang, M. et al. (1995) Cytokine 7:389. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 0.04-0.2 ng/mL.
• Source: Human platelet-derived TGF-beta 1 protein
  The human platelets used for the isolation of this product were certified by the supplier to be HIV-1 and HBsAg negative at the time of shipment. Human blood products should always be treated in accordance with universal handling precautions.
• Structure / Form: Disulfide-linked homodimer
• Protein/Peptide Type: Natural Proteins
• Gene: TGFB1
• Purity: >97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.
• Endotoxin Note: <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Bioactivity
• SDS-PAGE: 12 kDa, reducing conditions

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA with BSA as a carrier protein.
• Purity: >97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 10 μg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCl containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Human TGF-beta 1 Protein

• CEDLAP
• DPD1
• latency-associated peptide
• TGF beta
• TGF beta1
• TGFB
• TGFB1
• TGF-beta 1 protein
• TGFbeta 1
• TGF-beta 1
• TGFbeta
• TGF-beta-1
• transforming growth factor beta-1
• transforming growth factor, beta 1

Background

TGF-beta 1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-beta  superfamily that share a characteristic cysteine knot structure (1-7). TGF-beta 1, -2 and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines that are proposed to act as cellular switches that regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (1-4). Each TGF-beta isoform has some non-redundant functions; for TGF-beta 1, mice with targeted deletion show defects in hematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation, and die of overwhelming inflammation (2). Human TGF-beta 1 cDNA encodes a 390 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 29 aa signal peptide and a 361 aa proprotein (8). A furin-like convertase processes the proprotein to generate an N-terminal 249 aa latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a C-terminal 112 aa mature TGF-  beta 1 (8, 9). Disulfide-linked homodimers of LAP and TGF-beta 1 remain non-covalently associated after secretion, forming the small latent TGF-beta 1 complex (8-10). Covalent linkage of LAP to one of three latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBPs) creates a large latent complex that may interact with the extracellular matrix (9, 10). TGF-beta is activated from latency by pathways that include actions of the protease plasmin, matrix metalloproteases, thrombospondin 1 and a subset of integrins (10). Mature human TGF-beta 1 shares 100% aa identity with pig, dog and cow TGF-beta 1, and 99% aa identity with mouse, rat and horse TGF-beta 1. It demonstrates cross-species activity (1). TGF-beta 1 signaling begins with high-affinity binding to a type II ser/thr kinase receptor termed TGF-beta  RII. This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a second ser/thr kinase receptor, TGF-beta  RI (also called activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) -5), or alternatively,
ALK‑1.This complex phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins that regulate transcription (3, 11, 12). Contributions of the accessory receptors betaglycan (also known as TGF-beta  RIII) and endoglin, or use of Smad-independent signaling pathways, allow for disparate actions observed in response to TGF-beta in different contexts (11).

1. Derynck, R. and K. Miyazono (2008) “TGF-beta and the TGF-beta Family” in The TGF-beta Family, Derynck, R. and K. Miyazono eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, p. 29.
2. Dunker, N. & K. Krieglstein, 2000, Eur. J. Biochem. 267:6982.
3. Wahl, S.M. (2006) Immunol. Rev. 213:213.
4. Chang, H. et al. (2002) Endocr. Rev. 23:787.
5. Lin, J.S. et al. (2006) Reproduction 132:179.
6. Hinck, A.P. et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35:8517.
7. Mittl, P.R.E. et al. (1996) Protein Sci. 5:1261.
8. Derynck, R. et al. (1985) Nature 316:701.
9. Miyazono, K. et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:6407.
10. Oklu, R. and R. Hesketh (2000) Biochem. J. 352:601.
11. de Caestecker, M. et al. (2004) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 15:1.
12. Zuniga, J.E. et al. (2005) J. Mol. Biol. 354:1052.

Publications for TGF-beta 1 (100-B)(43)

Publications using 100-B

• Liang, G;Oh, TG;Hah, N;Tiriac, H;Shi, Y;Truitt, ML;Antal, CE;Atkins, AR;Li, Y;Fraser, C;Ng, S;Pinto, AFM;Nelson, DC;Estepa, G;Bashi, S;Banayo, E;Dai, Y;Liddle, C;Yu, RT;Hunter, T;Engle, DD;Han, H;Von Hoff, DD;Downes, M;Evans, RM; Inhibiting stromal Class I HDACs curbs pancreatic cancer progression Nature communications 2023-12-06 [PMID: 38057326] (Bioassay, Human)
• Liang, G;Oh, TG;Hah, N;Tiriac, H;Shi, Y;Truitt, ML;Antal, CE;Atkins, AR;Li, Y;Fraser, C;Ng, S;Pinto, AFM;Nelson, DC;Estepa, G;Bashi, S;Banayo, E;Dai, Y;Liddle, C;Yu, RT;Hunter, T;Engle, DD;Han, H;Von Hoff, DD;Downes, M;Evans, RM; Inhibiting Stromal Class I HDACs Curbs Pancreatic Cancer Progression bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023-09-14 [PMID: 37745372] (Bioassay, Human)
• R Chandrasek, C Mathieu, R Sheth, AP Cheng, D Fong, R McCormack, H El-Gabalaw, S Alishetty, M Paige, CD Hoemann UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) activity is suppressed by peroxide and promoted by PDGF in fibroblast-like synoviocytes: Evidence of a redox control mechanism PLoS ONE, 2022-09-15;17(9):e0274420. 2022-09-15 [PMID: 36107941] (Bioassay, Human)
• JL Decano, Y Iwamoto, S Goto, JY Lee, JT Matamalas, A Halu, M Blaser, LH Lee, B Pieper, S Chelvanamb, J Silva-Nico, F Bartoli-Le, H Higashi, H Shibata, P Vyas, J Wang, E Gostjeva, SC Body, SA Singh, M Aikawa, E Aikawa A disease-driver population within interstitial cells of human calcific aortic valves identified via single-cell and proteomic profiling Cell Reports, 2022-04-12;39(2):110685. 2022-04-12 [PMID: 35417712] (Bioassay, Human)
• BE Decato, DJ Leeming, JMB Sand, A Fischer, S Du, SM Palmer, M Karsdal, Y Luo, A Minnich LPA1 antagonist BMS-986020 changes collagen dynamics and exerts antifibrotic effects in vitro and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Respiratory Research, 2022-03-18;23(1):61. 2022-03-18 [PMID: 35303880] (Bioassay, Human)
• S Sharma, T Watanabe, T Nishimoto, T Takihara, L Mlakar, XX Nguyen, M Sanderson, Y Su, RA Chambers, C Feghali-Bo E4 engages uPAR and enolase-1 and activates urokinase to exert antifibrotic effects JCI Insight, 2021-12-22;6(24):. 2021-12-22 [PMID: 34935642] (Bioassay, Human)
• Q Lu, M Tan, Q Hou, M Wang, C Dai PP2A Catalytic Subunit alpha promotes fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis via ERK pathway Cellular Signalling, 2021-11-13;90(0):110187. 2021-11-13 [PMID: 34780974] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• HH Wong, SH Seet, CC Bascom, RJ Isfort, F Bard Red-COLA1: a human fibroblast reporter cell line for type I collagen transcription Sci Rep, 2020-11-12;10(1):19723. 2020-11-12 [PMID: 33184327] (Cell Culture, Human)
• SR Rønnow, RQ Dabbagh, F Genovese, CB Nanthakuma, VJ Barrett, RB Good, S Brockbank, S Cruwys, H Jessen, GL Sorensen, MA Karsdal, DJ Leeming, JMB Sand Prolonged Scar-in-a-Jar: an in vitro screening tool for anti-fibrotic therapies using biomarkers of extracellular matrix synthesis Respir. Res., 2020-05-07;21(1):108. 2020-05-07 [PMID: 32381012] (Bioassay, Human)
• K Tsubouchi, J Araya, M Yoshida, T Sakamoto, T Koumura, S Minagawa, H Hara, Y Hosaka, A Ichikawa, N Saito, T Kadota, Y Kurita, K Kobayashi, S Ito, Y Fujita, H Utsumi, M Hashimoto, H Wakui, T Numata, Y Kaneko, S Mori, H Asano, H Matsudaira, T Ohtsuka, K Nakayama, Y Nakanishi, H Imai, K Kuwano Involvement of GPx4-Regulated Lipid Peroxidation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Pathogenesis J. Immunol., 2019-09-18;0(0):. 2019-09-18 [PMID: 31534007] (Bioassay, Human)
• E Engelowski, NF Modares, S Gorressen, P Bouvain, D Semmler, C Alter, Z Ding, U Flögel, J Schrader, H Xu, PA Lang, J Fischer, DM Floss, J Scheller IL-23R Signaling Plays No Role in Myocardial Infarction Sci Rep, 2018-11-20;8(1):17078. 2018-11-20 [PMID: 30459442] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• QF Li, B Decker-Roc, A Bajaj, K Pumiglia Activation of Ras in the Vascular Endothelium Induces Brain Vascular Malformations and Hemorrhagic Stroke Cell Rep, 2018-09-11;24(11):2869-2882. 2018-09-11 [PMID: 30208313] (Bioassay, Human)
• X Xue, J Ren, X Sun, Y Gui, Y Feng, B Shu, W Wei, Q Lu, Y Liang, W He, J Yang, C Dai Protein kinase C alpha drives fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis by stimulating autophagic flux J. Biol. Chem., 2018-05-23;0(0):. 2018-05-23 [PMID: 29794026] (Bioassay, Rat)
• X Fu, F Sun, F Wang, J Zhang, B Zheng, J Zhong, T Yue, X Zheng, JF Xu, CY Wang Aloperine Protects Mice against DSS-Induced Colitis by PP2A-Mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Suppression Mediators Inflamm., 2017-09-19;2017(0):5706152. 2017-09-19 [PMID: 29056830] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Z Zeng, H Yang, Y Wang, J Ren, Y Dai, C Dai Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Attenuate Fibroblast Activation and Kidney Fibrosis Involving MTORC2 Signaling Suppression Sci Rep, 2017-04-10;7(0):46146. 2017-04-10 [PMID: 28393852] (Bioassay, Rat)
• J Ren, J Li, X Liu, Y Feng, Y Gui, J Yang, W He, C Dai Quercetin Inhibits Fibroblast Activation and Kidney Fibrosis Involving the Suppression of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and ?-catenin Signaling Sci Rep, 2016-04-07;6(0):23968. 2016-04-07 [PMID: 27052477] (Bioassay, Rat)
• Li J, Ren J, Liu X, Jiang L, He W, Yuan W, Yang J, Dai C Rictor/mTORC2 signaling mediates TGFbeta1-induced fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int, 2015-05-13;88(3):515-27. 2015-05-13 [PMID: 25970154] (Bioassay, Rat)
• Dayer C, Stamenkovic I Recruitment of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) to the Fibroblast Cell Surface by Lysyl Hydroxylase 3 (LH3) Triggers Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) Activation and Fibroblast Differentiation. J Biol Chem, 2015-03-30;290(22):13763-78. 2015-03-30 [PMID: 25825495] (Bioassay, Human)
• Bernard M, Dieude M, Yang B, Hamelin K, Underwood K, Hebert M Autophagy fosters myofibroblast differentiation through MTORC2 activation and downstream upregulation of CTGF. Autophagy, 2014-01-01;10(12):2193-207. 2014-01-01 [PMID: 25495560] (Bioassay, Human)
• Patsialou A, Wang Y, Pignatelli J, Chen X, Entenberg D, Oktay M, Condeelis J Autocrine CSF1R signaling mediates switching between invasion and proliferation downstream of TGFbeta in claudin-low breast tumor cells. Oncogene, 2014-08-04;34(21):2721-31. 2014-08-04 [PMID: 25088194] (Bioassay, Human)
• Duan W, Yu X, Huang X, Yu J, Lan H Opposing roles for Smad2 and Smad3 in peritoneal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. Am J Pathol, 2014-06-10;184(8):2275-84. 2014-06-10 [PMID: 24925688] (Bioassay, Human)
• Xu L, Golshirazian I, Asbury B, Li Y Induction of high temperature requirement A1, a serine protease, by TGF-beta1 in articular chondrocytes of mouse models of OA. 2013-10-18;0(0):. 2013-10-18 [PMID: 24135912] (Bioassay, Human)
• Jiang L, Xu L, Mao J, Li J, Fang L, Zhou Y, Liu W, He W, Zhao A, Yang J, Dai C Rheb/mTORC1 signaling promotes kidney fibroblast activation and fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2013-05-09;24(7):1114-26. 2013-05-09 [PMID: 23661807] (Bioassay, Rat)
• Bruchard M, Mignot G, Derangere V, Chalmin F, Chevriaux A, Vegran F, Boireau W, Simon B, Ryffel B, Connat J, Kanellopoulos J, Martin F, Rebe C, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F Chemotherapy-triggered cathepsin B release in myeloid-derived suppressor cells activates the Nlrp3 inflammasome and promotes tumor growth. Nat Med, 2012-12-02;19(1):57-64. 2012-12-02 [PMID: 23202296] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Zhu Y, Colak T, Shenoy M, Liu L, Mehta K, Pai R, Zou B, Xie X, Pasricha P Transforming growth factor beta induces sensory neuronal hyperexcitability, and contributes to pancreatic pain and hyperalgesia in rats with chronic pancreatitis. Mol Pain, 2012-09-11;8(0):65. 2012-09-11 [PMID: 22963239] (Bioassay, Rat)
• Zhang N, Bevan MJ TGF-beta signaling to T cells inhibits autoimmunity during lymphopenia-driven proliferation. Nat. Immunol., 2012-05-27;13(7):667-73. 2012-05-27 [PMID: 22634866] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Kawamura T, Ogawa Y, Nakamura Y Severe dermatitis with loss of epidermal Langerhans cells in human and mouse zinc deficiency. J. Clin. Invest., 2012-01-03;122(2):722-32. 2012-01-03 [PMID: 22214844] (Bioassay, Human)
• Stumhofer JS, Tait ED, Quinn WJ, Hosken N, Spudy B, Goenka R, Fielding CA, O'Hara AC, Chen Y, Jones ML, Saris CJ, Rose-John S, Cua DJ, Jones SA, Elloso MM, Grotzinger J, Cancro MP, Levin SD, Hunter CA A role for IL-27p28 as an antagonist of gp130-mediated signaling. Nat. Immunol., 2010-11-07;11(12):1119-26. 2010-11-07 [PMID: 21057510] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Kashiwakuma D, Suto A, Hiramatsu Y B and T lymphocyte attenuator suppresses IL-21 production from follicular Th cells and subsequent humoral immune responses. J. Immunol., 2010-07-26;185(5):2730-6. 2010-07-26 [PMID: 20660710] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Suzuki H, Onishi H, Wada J, Yamasaki A, Tanaka H, Nakano K, Morisaki T, Katano M VEGFR2 is selectively expressed by FOXP3high CD4+ Treg. Eur. J. Immunol., 2010-01-01;40(1):197-203. 2010-01-01 [PMID: 19902430] (Bioassay, Human)
• Ogawa Y, Kawamura T, Kimura T, Ito M, Blauvelt A, Shimada S Gram-positive bacteria enhance HIV-1 susceptibility in Langerhans cells, but not in dendritic cells, via Toll-like receptor activation. Blood, 2009-03-11;113(21):5157-66. 2009-03-11 [PMID: 19279330] (Bioassay, Human)
• Gang EJ, Bosnakovski D, Simsek T, To K, Perlingeiro RC Pax3 activation promotes the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells toward the myogenic lineage. Exp. Cell Res., 2008-03-05;314(8):1721-33. 2008-03-05 [PMID: 18395202] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Alexander S, Watt F, Sawaji Y, Hermansson M, Saklatvala J Activin A is an anticatabolic autocrine cytokine in articular cartilage whose production is controlled by fibroblast growth factor 2 and NF-kappaB. Arthritis Rheum., 2007-11-01;56(11):3715-25. 2007-11-01 [PMID: 17968943] (Bioassay, Human, Porcine)
• Nazareth MR, Broderick L, Simpson-Abelson MR, Kelleher RJ, Yokota SJ, Bankert RB Characterization of human lung tumor-associated fibroblasts and their ability to modulate the activation of tumor-associated T cells. J. Immunol., 2007-05-01;178(9):5552-62. 2007-05-01 [PMID: 17442937] (Bioassay, Human)
• Matsumura S, Shibakusa T, Fujikawa T, Yamada H, Inoue K, Fushiki T Increase in transforming growth factor-beta in the brain during infection is related to fever, not depression of spontaneous motor activity. Neuroscience, 2006-12-06;144(3):1133-40. 2006-12-06 [PMID: 17156928] (Bioassay, In Vivo, Rat)
• David L, Mallet C, Mazerbourg S, Feige JJ, Bailly S Identification of BMP9 and BMP10 as functional activators of the orphan activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) in endothelial cells. Blood, 2006-10-26;109(5):1953-61. 2006-10-26 [PMID: 17068149] (Bioassay, Human)
• Lindsley RC, Gill JG, Kyba M, Murphy TL, Murphy KM Canonical Wnt signaling is required for development of embryonic stem cell-derived mesoderm. Development, 2006-08-30;133(19):3787-96. 2006-08-30 [PMID: 16943279] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB, King IB, Lawler RL, McDonald GB, Levy WC trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in heart failure. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2004-12-01;80(6):1521-5. 2004-12-01 [PMID: 15585763] (ELISA (Standard))
• Wen FQ, Liu X, Kobayashi T, Abe S, Fang Q, Kohyama T, Ertl R, Terasaki Y, Manouilova L, Rennard SI Interferon-gamma inhibits transforming growth factor-beta production in human airway epithelial cells by targeting Smads. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2004-01-12;30(6):816-22. 2004-01-12 [PMID: 14722222] (Bioassay, Human)
• Zhou W, Park I, Pins M, Kozlowski JM, Jovanovic B, Zhang J, Lee C, Ilio K Dual regulation of proliferation and growth arrest in prostatic stromal cells by transforming growth factor-beta1. Endocrinology, 2003-07-24;144(10):4280-4. 2003-07-24 [PMID: 12959966] (Bioassay, Human)
• Jono H, Shuto T, Xu H, Kai H, Lim DJ, Gum JR, Kim YS, Yamaoka S, Feng XH, Li JD Transforming growth factor-beta -Smad signaling pathway cooperates with NF-kappa B to mediate nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced MUC2 mucin transcription. J. Biol. Chem., 2002-09-16;277(47):45547-57. 2002-09-16 [PMID: 12237307] (Bioassay, Human)
• Depoortere F, Pirson I, Bartek J, Dumont JE, Roger PP Transforming growth factor beta(1) selectively inhibits the cyclic AMP-dependent proliferation of primary thyroid epithelial cells by preventing the association of cyclin D3-cdk4 with nuclear p27(kip1). Mol. Biol. Cell, 2000-03-01;11(3):1061-76. 2000-03-01 [PMID: 10712520] (Bioassay, Canine)
• Fadok , V A, Bratton , D L, Konowal , A, Freed , P W, Westcott , J Y, Henson , P M Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF. J Clin Invest, 1998-02-15;101(4):890-8. 1998-02-15 [PMID: 9466984] (Bioassay, Human)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: TGFB1