S-arrestin Antibody (S128) - BSA Free

Western Blot: S-arrestin Antibody (S128) [NBP2-25161] - Blot of bovine retinal extracts. The antibody stains a band corresponing to S-arrestin at about 48 kDa.

Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: S-arrestin Antibody (S128) [NBP2-25161] - Confocal image of a pig retina stained with NBP2-25161 (green). S-arrestin is most abundant in the outer segments (OS) and inner surface of the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and can be used to identify components of rod photoreceptor cells. (Cone photoreceptors have a different arrestin isotype). Other retinal layers are inner segments (IS), outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL). The red stain is Fox2, an RNA binding nuclear protein related to Fox3/NeuN, which stains nuclei of horizontal neurons and some other neurons in the INL and IPL. Nuclear DNA was revealed with DAPI (blue).

• Reactivity: Hu, Mu, Rt, Po, Bv, Eq
• Applications: WB, ICC/IF, IHC
• Clone: S128
• Clonality: Monoclonal
• Host: Mouse
• Conjugate: Unconjugated
• Format: BSA Free
• Concentration: 1 mg/ml

S-arrestin Antibody (S128) - BSA Free Summary

• Immunogen: Recombinant bovine S-arrestin with the first 20 amino acids of the C-terminus truncated [UniProt# P08168]
• Isotype: IgG1
• Clonality: Monoclonal
• Host: Mouse
• Gene: SAG
• Purity: Protein G purified

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence 1:1000
  • Immunohistochemistry 1:1000
  • Immunohistochemistry-Frozen
  • Western Blot 1:5000
• Application Notes: Use in Immunohistochemistry-Frozen reported in scientific literature (PMID:35024589).This S-arrestin (S128) antibody is useful for Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence and Western Blot, where a band can be seen at ~48 kDa..
• Theoretical MW: 48 kDa.
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.

Reactivity Notes

Use in Rat reported in scientific literature (PMID:35024589) .

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Store at 4C short term. Aliquot and store at -20C long term. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
• Buffer: 50% PBS, 50% glycerol
• Preservative: 5mM Sodium Azide
• Concentration: 1 mg/ml
• Purity: Protein G purified

Alternate Names for S-arrestin Antibody (S128) - BSA Free

• arrestin 1
• RP47,48 kDa protein
• S-antigen; retina and pineal gland (arrestin)
• S-arrestin
• visual arrestin

Background

Arrestin proteins are a family of regulators of cell signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). S-arrestin was first discovered as a result of the experimental model of human uveitis, an autoimmune disease of the eye. In this model, called experimental allergic uveitis, animals were injected with extracts made from the retina of the same species mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant. The animals mounted a strong immune response to the extract, and the antibody response was used to identify several immunogenic retinal proteins. One of these was called S-antigen, for soluble antigen. The protein was found to be abundant in retina, about 48 kDa in molecular weight, and localized in the outer segments of the photoreceptors. Several years later, Hermann Kuhn and colleagues discovered that this protein binds to phosphorylated Rhodopsin and prevents this protein from activating transducin. Transducin is a typical heterotrimeric G protein, composed of alpha and beta gamma subunits. Rhodopsin phosphorylation is mediated by Rhodopsin kinase (a.k.a. GRK1), the prototypic member of a family of GPCR kinases. Since the S-antigen protein arrested the activity of Rhodopsin it was renamed S-arrestin, and became the prototypic member of the arrestin protein family. Subsequently, Robert Lefkowitz and colleagues discovered a related protein which bound to phosphorylated beta-adrenergic GPCRs and prevented these proteins from activating their specific heterotrimeric G proteins. Because of this relationship to the beta-adrenergic receptor and functional and structural similarities to S-arrestin this protein was named beta-arrestin. The beta-adrenergic receptor was phosphorylated by the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (a.k.a. GRK2), an enzyme belonging to GPCR kinase family. Studies of visual transduction therefore aided greatly in understanding other kinds of GPCR signaling. In mammals, there are four arrestin isoforms; S-arrestin (a.k.a. S-antigen, visual arrestin and arrestin-1) and cone arrestin (a.k.a. arrestin-4) are largely confined to photoreceptors. Beta-arrestin 1 (a.k.a. arrestin 2) and beta-arrestin-2 (a.k.a. arrestin-3) are ubiquitous and regulate non-visual GPCRs.

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Publications for S-arrestin Antibody (NBP2-25161)(1)

Publication using NBP2-25161

• Yamasaki S, Tu H, Matsuyama T et al. A Genetic modification that reduces ON-bipolar cells in hESC-derived retinas enhances functional integration after transplantation iScience 2022-01-01 [PMID: 35024589] (Immunohistochemistry-Frozen, Rat)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: SAG
• Entrez:
  • 6295(Human)
• OMIM:
  • 181031(Human)
• Uniprot:
  • P10523(Human)