Thioredoxin-1 Antibody [Unconjugated]

Western blot shows lysates of HeLa human cervical epithelial carcinoma cell line, HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Jurkat human acute T cell leukemia cell line, K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, and Raji human Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. PVDF membrane was probed with 0.1 µg/mL of Goat Anti-Human Thioredoxin-1 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF1970) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Goat IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # HAF019). A specific band was detected for Thioredoxin-1 at approximately 12 kDa (as indicated). This experiment was conducted under reducing conditions and using Immunoblot Buffer Group 1.

Simple Western shows lysates of Exosome Standards (HT‑29) (NBP3-11685) and Jurkat human acute T cell leukemia cell line, loaded at 0.5 mg/ml. A specific band was detected for Thioredoxin‑1 at approximately 10 kDa (as indicated) using 10 µg/mL of Goat Anti-Human Thioredoxin‑1 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF1970). This experiment was conducted under reducing conditions and using the 2-40kDa separation system.

Thioredoxin‑1 was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human breast cancer tissue using Goat Anti-Human Thioredoxin‑1 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF1970) at 15 µg/mL overnight at 4 °C. Tissue was stained using the Anti-Goat HRP-DAB Cell & Tissue Staining Kit (brown; Catalog # CTS008) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). View our protocol for Chromogenic IHC Staining of Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections.

Thioredoxin‑1 was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human breast cancer tissue using Goat Anti-Human Thioredoxin‑1 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF1970) at 5 µg/mL overnight at 4 °C. Tissue was stained using the Anti-Goat HRP-DAB Cell & Tissue Staining Kit (brown; Catalog # CTS008) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). View our protocol for Chromogenic IHC Staining of Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections.

• Reactivity: Hu
• Applications: WB, Simple Western, IHC
• Clonality: Polyclonal
• Host: Goat
• Conjugate: Unconjugated
• Concentration: LYOPH

Thioredoxin-1 Antibody [Unconjugated] Summary

• Immunogen: E. coli-derived recombinant human Thioredoxin-1
  Val2-Val105
  Accession # P10599
• Specificity: Detects human Thioredoxin-1 in direct ELISAs and Western blots. In direct ELISAs, less than 25% cross-reactivity with recombinant mouse Thioredoxin-1 is observed.
• Source: N/A
• Isotype: IgG
• Clonality: Polyclonal
• Host: Goat
• Gene: TXN
• Purity Statement: Antigen Affinity-purified

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Immunohistochemistry 5-15 ug/mL
  • Simple Western 10 ug/mL
  • Western Blot 0.1 ug/mL

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. See Certificate of Analysis for details.
  *Small pack size (-SP) is supplied either lyophilized or as a 0.2 µm filtered solution in PBS.
• Preservative: No Preservative
• Concentration: LYOPH
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 0.2 mg/mL in sterile PBS. For liquid material, refer to CoA for concentration.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Thioredoxin-1 Antibody [Unconjugated]

• Thioredoxin1
• Thioredoxin-1
• TRDX;TRX;TRX1;Trx80;TXN
• Trx1
• TXN
• TXN1

Background

Thioredoxins (Trxs) are a group of small ubiquitous proteins in all living cells that are key regulators of cellular redox balance (1, 2). The mammalian Trx family has three members. The Trx-1, which is a secreted and cellular protein, the mitochondria-specific Trx-2, and the Trx-like cytosolic protein p32TrxL (3-5). The active site of mammalian Trxs contains two cysteines in the conserved sequence -Y-C-G-P-C-K-. In Trx-1 the conserved cysteine residues are in positions 32 and 35, respectively. Trxs exist either in a reduced or in an oxidized state when the two cysteines at the active site form an intramolecular disulfide bridge. NADPH and the flavoprotein thioredoxin reductase can convert the oxidized Trx into the reduced Trx. Trx-1 is the only extracellular occurring thioredoxin, and is secreted by lymphocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and several tumor cells. Plasma concentrations of Trx-1 are up to 6 nM (6). In cells, Trx-1 is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm. Small amounts have been detected in the nucleus and in association with the outside surface of the cells. Expression of Trx-1 is increased under various stress conditions such as hypoxia, elevated hydrogen peroxide concentrations, photochemical oxidative stress, and viral and bacterial infections. Biological functions of Trx-1 include growth factor activity, antioxidant properties, a cofactor that provides reducing equivalents, and transcriptional regulation (1, 2). The synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis patients produces increased levels of Trx-1 under oxidative stress conditions, and a correlation exists between the plasma levels of Trx-1 and the severity of the disease, making Trx-1 a biomarker for this pathological condition (7, 8).

1. Holmgren, A. (1985) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54:237.
2. Powis, G. and W.R. Monfort (2001) Annu. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol. 41:269.
3. Deiss, L.P. and A. Kimchi (1991) Science 252:117.
4. Spyrou, G. et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:2936.
5. Miranda-Vizuete, A. et al. (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243:284.
6. Nakamura, H. et al. (1997) Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:147.
7. Mourice, M.M. et al. (1999) Arthritis Rheum. 42:2430.
8. Jikimoto, T. et al. (2001) Mol. Immunol. 38:765.

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Publications for Thioredoxin-1 Antibody (AF1970)(3)

Publications using AF1970

• Ito T, Yamakuchi M, Lowenstein CJ Thioredoxin increases exocytosis by denitrosylating N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor. J. Biol. Chem., 2011-02-15;286(13):11179-84. 2011-02-15 [PMID: 21324905] (Western Blot, Human)
• Mitchell DA, Morton SU, Fernhoff NB, Marletta MA Thioredoxin is required for S-nitrosation of procaspase-3 and the inhibition of apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2007-07-02;104(28):11609-14. 2007-07-02 [PMID: 17606900] (Immunoprecipitation, Human)
• Tipple TE, Welty SE, Rogers LK, Hansen TN, Choi YE, Kehrer JP, Smith CV Thioredoxin-related mechanisms in hyperoxic lung injury in mice. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2007-06-15;37(4):405-13. 2007-06-15 [PMID: 17575077] (Western Blot, Mouse)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: TXN
• Uniprot:
  • P10599()