Recombinant Human Activin B Protein

Product Discontinued

Recombinant Human Activin B Protein Summary

• Details of Functionality: Measured by its ability to induce hemoglobin expression in K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Schwall, R.H. et al. (1991) Method Enzymol. 198:340. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 0.3‑1.5 ng/mL.
• Source: Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line, CHO-derived human Activin B protein
  Gly293-Ala407
• Accession #: Q53T31
• N-terminal Sequence: Gly293
• Structure / Form: Disulfide-linked homodimer
• Protein/Peptide Type: Recombinant Proteins
• Gene: INHBB
• Purity: >90%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.
• Endotoxin Note: <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Bioactivity
• Theoretical MW: 12.8 kDa (monomer).
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.
• SDS-PAGE: 12.4 kDa, reducing conditions

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA with BSA as a carrier protein.
• Purity: >90%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 50 μg/mL in 4 mM HCl containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Recombinant Human Activin B Protein

• activin AB beta polypeptide
• Activin Beta B
• Activin beta-B chain
• INHBB
• inhibin beta B chain
• Inhibin Beta B
• Inhibin Subunit Beta B
• inhibin, beta B (activin AB beta polypeptide)
• inhibin, beta B
• Inhibin, beta-2

Background

Activins and inhibins, members of the TGF-beta superfamily, are disulfide-linked dimeric proteins that were originally purified from gonadal fluids as proteins that stimulated or inhibited, respectively, pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release. These proteins have since been shown to have a wide range of biological activities including: mesoderm induction, neural cell differentiation, bone remodeling, hematopoiesis and reproductive physiology. Activins/inhibins are produced as precursor proteins with an amino-terminal propeptide that is cleaved to release the carboxy-terminal bioactive ligands. Activins are homodimers or heterodimers of the various beta subunit isoforms, while inhibins are heterodimers of a unique alpha  subunit and one of the various beta  subunits. Five beta subunits (mammalian beta _A, beta _B, beta _C, beta _E and  Xenopus beta _D) have been cloned. The activin/inhibin nomenclature reflects the subunit composition of the proteins: activin A ( beta _A - beta _A), activin B ( beta _B­ - beta _B), activin AB ( beta _A ‑  beta _B), inhibin A ( alpha - beta _A) and inhibin B ( alpha - beta _B). At present, little is known about the contribution of the other beta  subunits to activin or inhibin formation and biology. At the amino acid sequence level, the mature human beta B subunit is greater than 98% identical to mouse beta B, while the human and mouse alpha  subunits share approximately 80% identity. Similarly to other TGF-beta  family members, activins exert their biological activities through binding to the heterodimeric complex composed of two membrane spanning serine-threonine kinases designated as type I and type II. Two forms of activin receptor type I (Act RI-A and Act RI-B) and two forms of activin receptor type II (Act RII-A and Act RII-B) have been identified. Activin binds directly to Act RII, the complex then associates with Act RI and initiates signaling. Besides activins, Act RII has been shown to bind certain other TGF-beta superfamily members. Inhibin A has been shown to bind with low‑affinity to Act RII. The existence of a distinct inhibin-specific receptor and/or signal transduction pathway has been hypothesized.

1. Woodruff, T.K. (1998) Biochemical Pharmacology 55:953.
2. Ying, S.Y. et al. (1997) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 214:114.

Publications for Activin B/Inhibin beta B (659-AB)(19)

Publications using 659-AB

• KL Reader, S John-McHaf, S Zellhuber-, T Jowett, DG Mottershea, HE Cunliffe, EJ Gold Activin B and Activin C Have Opposing Effects on Prostate Cancer Progression and Cell Growth Cancers, 2022-12-27;15(1):. 2022-12-27 [PMID: 36612143] (Bioassay, Human)
• E Brûlé, Y Wang, Y Li, YF Lin, X Zhou, L Ongaro, CAI Alonso, ERS Buddle, AL Schneyer, CH Byeon, CS Hinck, N Mendelev, JP Russell, M Cowan, U Boehm, F Ruf-Zamojs, M Zamojski, CL Andoniadou, SC Sealfon, CA Harrison, KL Walton, AP Hinck, DJ Bernard TGFBR3L is an inhibin B co-receptor that regulates female fertility Science Advances, 2021-12-15;7(51):eabl4391. 2021-12-15 [PMID: 34910520] (Bioassay, Hamster)
• A Hagg, S Kharoud, G Goodchild, CA Goodman, JL Chen, RE Thomson, H Qian, P Gregorevic, CA Harrison, KL Walton TMEPAI/PMEPA1 Is a Positive Regulator of Skeletal Muscle Mass Front Physiol, 2020-11-04;11(0):560225. 2020-11-04 [PMID: 33250771] (Bioassay, Human)
• OE Olsen, H Hella, S Elsaadi, C Jacobi, E Martinez-H, T Holien Activins as Dual Specificity TGF-&amp;beta Family Molecules: SMAD-Activation via Activin- and BMP-Type 1 Receptors Biomolecules, 2020-03-29;10(4):. 2020-03-29 [PMID: 32235336] (Cell Culture, Human)
• L Tengroth, J Arebro, O Larsson, C Bachert, SK Georén, LO Cardell Activation of Activin receptor-like kinases curbs mucosal inflammation and proliferation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Sci Rep, 2018-01-24;8(1):1561. 2018-01-24 [PMID: 29367682] (Bioassay, Human)
• A Kita, A Kasamatsu, D Nakashima, Y Endo-Sakam, S Ishida, T Shimizu, Y Kimura, I Miyamoto, S Yoshimura, M Shiiba, H Tanzawa, K Uzawa Activin B Regulates Adhesion, Invasiveness, and Migratory Activities in Oral Cancer: a Potential Biomarker for Metastasis J Cancer, 2017-07-05;8(11):2033-2041. 2017-07-05 [PMID: 28819404] (Bioassay, Human)
• E Latres, J Mastaitis, W Fury, L Miloscio, J Trejos, J Pangilinan, H Okamoto, K Cavino, E Na, A Papatheodo, T Willer, Y Bai, J Hae Kim, A Rafique, S Jaspers, T Stitt, AJ Murphy, GD Yancopoulo, J Gromada Activin A more prominently regulates muscle mass in primates than does GDF8 Nat Commun, 2017-04-28;8(0):15153. 2017-04-28 [PMID: 28452368] (Surface Plasmon Resonance, Human)
• Y Kanamori, M Murakami, M Sugiyama, O Hashimoto, T Matsui, M Funaba IL-1? transcriptionally activates hepcidin by inducing C/EBP? expression in hepatocytes J. Biol. Chem., 2017-04-24;0(0):. 2017-04-24 [PMID: 28438835] (Bioassay, Human)
• CS Stephens, PA Johnson Occludin expression and regulation in small follicles of the layer and broiler breeder hen Gen. Comp. Endocrinol, 2017-02-24;0(0):. 2017-02-24 [PMID: 28238709] (Bioassay, Chicken)
• Regulation of hepcidin expression by inflammation-induced activin B Sci Rep, 2016-12-06;6(0):38702. 2016-12-06 [PMID: 27922109] (Bioassay, Human, Mouse)
• Ungefroren H, Hyder A, Hinz H, Groth S, Lange H, El-Sayed K, Ehnert S, Nussler A, Fandrich F, Gieseler F Pluripotency gene expression and growth control in cultures of peripheral blood monocytes during their conversion into programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMO): evidence for a regulatory role of autocrine activin and TGF-beta. PLoS ONE, 2015-02-23;10(2):e0118097. 2015-02-23 [PMID: 25707005] (Bioassay, Human)
• Tamminen J, Yin M, Ronty M, Sutinen E, Pasternack A, Ritvos O, Myllarniemi M, Koli K Overexpression of activin-A and -B in malignant mesothelioma - attenuated Smad3 signaling responses and ERK activation promote cell migration and invasive growth. Exp Cell Res, 2014-12-31;332(1):102-15. 2014-12-31 [PMID: 25557874] (Bioassay, Human)
• Carrancio S, Markovics J, Wong P, Leisten J, Castiglioni P, Groza M, Raymon H, Heise C, Daniel T, Chopra R, Sung V An activin receptor IIA ligand trap promotes erythropoiesis resulting in a rapid induction of red blood cells and haemoglobin. Br J Haematol, 2014-03-18;165(6):870-82. 2014-03-18 [PMID: 24635723] (Bioassay, Human)
• Kadaja , Meelis, Keyes , Brice E, Lin , Mingyan, Pasolli , H Amalia, Genander , Maria, Polak , Lisa, Stokes , Nicole, Zheng , Deyou, Fuchs , Elaine SOX9: a stem cell transcriptional regulator of secreted niche signaling factors. Genes Dev, 2014-02-15;28(4):328-41. 2014-02-15 [PMID: 24532713] (In Vivo, Mouse)
• Mottershead D, Ritter L, Gilchrist R Signalling pathways mediating specific synergistic interactions between GDF9 and BMP15. Mol Hum Reprod, 2011-09-12;18(3):121-8. 2011-09-12 [PMID: 21911477] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• Castonguay R, Werner ED, Matthews RG, Presman E, Mulivor AW, Solban N, Sako D, Pearsall RS, Underwood KW, Seehra J, Kumar R, Grinberg AV Soluble Endoglin Specifically Binds Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 9 and 10 via Its Orphan Domain, Inhibits Blood Vessel Formation, and Suppresses Tumor Growth. J. Biol. Chem., 2011-07-07;286(34):30034-46. 2011-07-07 [PMID: 21737454] (Surface Plasmon Resonance, Human, Mouse)
• Watanabe K, Hamada S, Bianco C, Mancino M, Nagaoka T, Gonzales M, Bailly V, Strizzi L, Salomon DS Requirement of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of Cripto-1 for trans activity as a Nodal co-receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 2007-10-09;282(49):35772-86. 2007-10-09 [PMID: 17925387] (Bioassay, Human)
• Kupershmidt L, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MB, Blumenfeld Z The neuroprotective effect of Activin A and B: implication for neurodegenerative diseases. J. Neurochem., 2007-08-06;103(3):962-71. 2007-08-06 [PMID: 17680997] (Bioassay, Western Blot, Human)
• Maeshima A, Vaughn DA, Choi Y, Nigam SK Activin A is an endogenous inhibitor of ureteric bud outgrowth from the Wolffian duct. Dev. Biol., 2006-04-27;295(2):473-85. 2006-04-27 [PMID: 16643884] (Bioassay, Rat)

Bioinformatics

• Gene Symbol: INHBB
• Uniprot:
  • Q53T31()