Cancer

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a member of the carbonic anhydrase family - enzymes that enable the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. Carbonic anhydrases have a widespread role in regulating pH in normal tissues and are abundantly found in all mammalian tissues. CAIX itself is one of the most hypoxically-inducible genes due to its stability and membrane location.

GAPDH is a 146 kDa tetramer metabolic enzyme within the glycolytic pathway that reversibly oxidatively phosphorylates glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It may have other additional functions in transcriptional activation. It is highly expressed due to its housekeeping functional role, and the prevalent expression of GAPDH has facilitated its use as an internal loading control – traditionally for mRNA expression comparisons – but also in protein studies.

Beclin 1 is the first mammalian gene identified as a mediator of autophagy, and plays important roles in development, tumorigenesis, and neurodegeneration.

IRE1 resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a transmembrane protein with both serine-threonine kinase and endoribonuclease activities. It acts as an unfolded protein response (UPR) sensor through XBP1 transcriptional activation and has been found to have many physiological functions due to the fundamental importance of protein folding.

Lysyl oxidase, also known as LOX, is a copper-dependent enzyme that cross-links collagen and elastin through the oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine (collagen and elastin) and hydroxylysine (collagen only) residues, thereby playing a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix (1).

LC3 is distributed ubiquitously in eukaryotes and is a heavily studied autophagy biomarker that was originally identified as a subunit of MAP1A and MAP1B. Because autophagy is a crucial process for maintaining normal neural networks and function, understanding neuronal autophagy is important. Young's group at Univ.

Glandular tissues synthesise substances for release, such as hormones and enzymes. The term adenocarcinoma is used to describe a cancer that originates within a glandular tissue, for example the ovary.

LC3B is subunit component of the LC3 autophagy biomarker associated with microtubule-associated proteins MAP1A and MAP1B and one of the best characterized markers to date. In resting state, it is cytosolic, but upon activation, is lapidated and becomes embedded in the autophagosomal membrane.

CD34 is a cell surface glycoprotein that aids cells in cell-cell adhesion. It is expressed on endothelial cells where it is known to bind L-selectin and may aid in migration of T-cells.

Survivin is an anti-apoptotic protein from a large family with related members such as X-linked IAP, cIAP1 and cIAP2, IAP-like protein-2, melanoma IAP, Livin, and NAIP. Survivin regulates fundamental physiological events including the cell cycle, fetal development, and cell migration.