Antibodies

CD4, also known as Cluster of Differentiation 4, interacts with major histocompatibility complex class II antigens, acts as a receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus and induces the aggregation of lipid rafts. It is expressed in T lymphocytes, B cells, macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells and specific regions of the brain.

The CD (Cluster of Differentiation) nomenclature was established in 1982 at the First International Workshop on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens. It was intended for the classification of leukocytes according to the specific epitopes found at the cell surface, and at this inaugural meeting 139 monoclonal antibodies were evaluated.

RANKL is the ligand for the receptor activator of NFkB (RANK) that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. RANK overexpression induces the NFkB and c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) downstream pathways. This pathway has been studied in detail in the bone remodeling system with regards to osteoclast activity and induction.

Kif2a belongs to the Kinesin-13 microtubule depolymerase family that includes members Kif2a, Kif2b, and Kif2c. These proteins are capable of depolymerizing microtubules (MTs) at their ends. During mitotic cell division, Kif2a specifically localizes to centrosomes and is essential for chromosome organization at the metaphase plate, spindle dynamics and turnover, and bipolar mitotic spindle formation.

NFkB-activating kinase (NAK) is serine/threonine protein kinase that is a member of the IkB kinase (IKK) family and plays a key role in cellular inflammatory responses to foreign stimuli and agents. Fitzgerald, et al.

DNA repair protein RAD50 is a component of the MRN complex (Mre11-RAD50-Nbs1) responsible for DNA double strand break (DSB) repair.

Cyclization recombination enzyme (Cre) is a member of the extensive family of recombinases and recognizes a 34 bp sequence motif from PI bacteriophage referred to as LoxP. The Cre enzyme works to cleanly excise an intervening DNA fragment that is flanked by two LoxP sites. The LoxP sites must be present in the same orientation. The excised segment is later degraded to leave only a single LoxP site copy in the starting target molecule.

OPA1 belongs to the Dynamin large GTPase protein family. OPA1 exists as a single-pass membrane protein localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane and also as a soluble form in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. There, it is a key player in fusion of the inner mitochondrial membrane as well as maintenance of the cristae architecture. The oligomerization of differentially processed forms of OPA1 directs mitochondrial membrane formation.

Dnmt1 belongs to the C5-methyltransferase family that repairs cytosines in dsDNA using a nucleophilic attack mechanism. Dnmt1 is the most abundant mammalian DNA methyltransferase. It is the key methylation maintenance enzyme for both DNA replication/repair and de novo methylation during somatic cell development and differentiation.

Myc genes (L-Myc, N-Myc and C-Myc) are a family of transcription factors. c-Myc is involved in transcription regulation, apoptosis and cell growth. Mutations in c-Myc have been tied to several cancers.

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