Antibodies

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes are key gatekeeper molecules that regulate the amount of dietary cholesterol retained by the body. They are a multifamily comprised of cAMP-dependent anion transporter cell membrane proteins that monitor reverse cholesterol efflux from cells into the peripheral tissues via apolipoprotein A-I (Apo). ABCG8 is expressed at high levels in the liver and intestine.

The CIP2A protein was originally identified as p90, a cytoplasmic auto-antigen from the serum of a cancer patient. It was later found to inhibit protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity as well as interact with c-myc. CIP2A's inhibitory activity blocks c-myc phosphorylation and its subsequent proteolytic degradation, producing a stable c-myc that promotes aberrant cell growth and transformation. In addition to its role in c-Myc stabilization, CIP2A promotes anchorage-independent cell growth and in vivo tumor formation.

The enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, or MAT, catalyzes the formation of S- adenosylmethionine (AdoMet or SAMe) from methionine and ATP. AdoMet is the principal biological source of synthesized methyl, and is found in all cells but most prominently in the liver. In mammalian tissues, there are three distinct AdoMet synthases - the alpha, beta, and gamma isoforms. While the alpha and beta variants are uniquely expressed solely in the adult liver, gamma is more widely distributed in the extrahepatic tissues.

The protein, carbonic anhydrase IX, belongs to the carbonic anhydrase family which consists of enzymes that rapidly convert carbon dioxide and water into the end products of carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. These enzymes play a widespread role in cells by regulating the pH of normal tissues, and are abundantly expressed in all mammalian tissues. Due to its stability and membrane location, CAIX is one of the most hypoxically-inducible genes, and has become a reliable hypoxia histochemical marker.

Also known as OPG, TR1 and OCIF, this gene encodes Osteoprotegerin, a heparin-binding secretory glycoprotein that belongs to the TNF-receptor superfamily. The TNFR superfamily consists primarily of transmembrane proteins that elicit signal transduction in a variety of cells and are known to mediate diverse biological responses, including cytotoxicity and apoptosis, Osteoprotegerin (OPG) was isolated independently by two laboratories in 1997 [1,2].

SR-B1 belongs to the CD36 scavenger receptor family and serves as a receptor for several ligands including phospholipids, cholesterol ester, lipoproteins, phosphatidylserine, and caveolae localized HDL. It is expressed in endothelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It facilitates the flux of both free and esterified cholesterol between the cell surface and extracellular donors and acceptors (HDL and to a lesser extent, apoB-containing lipoproteins and modified lipoproteins).

IRAK4, also known as Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4, is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a critical role in initiating innate and adaptive immune responses against foreign pathogens. It activates NF-kappaB in both Toll-like receptor (TLR) and T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathways.

ASC-2, also known as Nuclear Receptor Co-Activator 6, directly binds nuclear receptors and stimulates the transcriptional activities in a hormone-dependent fashion. It is involved in the co-activation of different nuclear receptors, such as for steroids (GR and ERs), retinoids (RARs and RXRs), thyroid hormone (TRs), vitamin D3 (VDR) and prostanoids (PPARs). It is believed to function as a general co-activator, rather than just a nuclear receptor co-activator.

LYVE1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1) is one of the most specific and widely used mammalian lymphatic endothelial markers.It is found in lymph nodes and at the luminal/abluminal surfaces of lymphatic vessels. It is a single-pass type I membrane protein that exists in a disulfide-linked homodimer form. LYVE1 undergoes ligand-dependent internalization and recycling at the cell surface, and exhibits ligand-specific transporter trafficking between intracellular organelles and the plasma membrane.

Target of the antiproliferative 1 (TAPA1), also known as CD81, is found in the plasma membrane in lymphocytes and plays an important role in the regulation of lymphoma cell growth. This transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) protein is primarily found on CD4⁺CD8⁺ thymocytes as well as broadly in the periphery, with high-level expressed in cell cohorts such as B-cells, NK cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.