Antibodies

The enzyme family of DNA polymerases plays a fundamental role in the replication, repair, and recombination of nucleic acid. Its members include DNA Polymerase b (Pol b), DNA Polymerase g (Pol g), and DNA Polymerase m (Pol m). TdT is a very unique and fascinating member of this family because, unlike all other DNA polymerases, TdT synthesizes DNA from only single-stranded DNA.

Viral infection triggers the antiviral cell response by activating the innate cellular immune system that recognizes various viral components. One component of this process is the cytoplasmic helicase RIG-1 which is a pattern recognition receptor.

MUL1 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase with a RING finger domain that controls mitochondrial morphology, fragmentation and localization. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept the component ubiquitin from a donor E2 ubiquitin-conjugating directly transfer this ubiquitin to designated targeted substrates. The largest, proteome-wide and site-specific quantitative mapping dataset assessment of endogenous putative ubiquitylation sites and regulation was executed by Wagner’s group in Denmark¹.

The SOX-11 transcription factor is a member of the SOX family known to be involved in embryonic development regulation and cell fate determination. The protein acts as a transcriptional regulator and appears to modulate fundamental aspects of normal embryonic nervous system development and tumorigenesis. SOX-11 is not found expressed in adult tissues except for the adult immature neuron.

The PIM-1 (proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase) protein is an epithelial-derived, integral membrane serine protease. This protease forms a complex with the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, HAI-1, and is activated by sphingosine 1-phosphate. PIM-1 cleaves and activates hepatocyte growth factor/scattering factor (HGF) as well as urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Such downstream targets implicate this serine protease as an epithelial membrane trigger for a sequential protease cascade.

AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1) is an essential multifunctional protein involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage as well as in transcriptional regulation in tumor cells. It functions as an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions, and may also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and the protection from granzymes-mediated cellular repair leading to cell death.

The genetic disorder known as Fanconi anemia (FANC) is a heterogeneous, autosomal-recessive cancer susceptibility condition characterized by a wide array of symptoms. These include congenital malformations, progressive bone marrow failure, DNA-damage hypersensitivity, and genome instability. The protein FANCD2 is a subunit of the protein complex involved in cellular resistance to DNA cross-linking and DNA synthesis arrest triggered by ionizing radiation (IR).

Bone morphogenetic proteins such as GDF15 belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) family that directs tissue differentiation and maintenance. GDF15 appears to be involved in a variety of physiological processes such as pregnancy, injury and inflammation, and apoptosis. Evidence suggests GDF15 is a marker for metastasis.

PCSK9 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) is a member of the proteinase K subfamily of the secretory subtilase family. It is first produced as a soluble zymogen that then undergoes an autocatalytic processing within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). PCSK9 functions in cholesterol homeostasis as well as cortical neuron differentiation. Mutations in this gene are associated with a third form of autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (HCHOLA3).

PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1) is a mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase which maintains mitochondrial function/integrity, provides protection against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress, potentially by phosphorylating mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in the clearance of damaged mitochondria via selective autophagy (mitophagy).