Antibody suppliers

VEGFR-2 is a family member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of membrane receptor tyrosine kinases. It is a key regulator of the process of angiogenesis that takes place during fundamental developmental processes such as embryogenesis, skeletal growth, and reproductive functions. Like other growth factor receptors, upon ligand binding, VEGFR2 dimerizes and is autophosphorylated on multiple tyrosine residues.

PABP is found complexed to the 3-prime poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNA and is required for poly(A) shortening, translation initiation, and possibly mRNA export and import. In humans, PABPs are small nuclear isoforms within a conserved gene family of at least 3 functional proteins: PABP1 (PABPC1), inducible PABP (iPABP, or PABPC4), and PABP3 (PABPC3). PABPs are of special interest because due to their high affinity for A-rich mRNA sequences, they are involved in all mRNA-dependent events.

Ep-CAM is a monomeric transmembrane glycoprotein that is found exclusively on every epithelial cell membrane and a variety of epithelial carcinomas and cancer-initiating cells. It mediates calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion. Because Ep-CAM is overexpressed in a variety of human carcinomas it is both a valuable marker as well as a potential therapeutic target for human solid tumors. The adhesion properties of this molecule marker are dependent upon its two epidermal growth factor-like repeats within its extracellular domain coupled with a cysteine-poor region.

TNF alpha is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that is part of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and causes tumor necrosis when injected into tumor -earing mice. It exists as a multimer of two, three, or five noncovalently linked units. TNF alpha is closely related to the 25kD Tumor Necrosis Factor beta (TNF beta, or lymphotoxin), and both proteins share the same receptors and cellular functions. TNF alpha binds and functions through the TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR receptors.

The Western blot is one of the most commonly used antibody assay techniques in cell and molecular biology research since its development over three decades ago, and is considered the gold standard for protein detection and quantification. The traditional Western blot can be a labor-intensive and time-consuming process, leading many researchers to seek an alternative method that is more efficient, reproducible and quantitative.

CCR2 is a receptor for several monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCP1, MCP3, MCP4) that specifically govern monocyte chemotaxis. CCR2 transduces its downstream signals through increasing intracellular calcium ion levels. For example, MCP1 regulates the monocyte infiltration found in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid or the cellular inflammatory response to tumors. CCR2 is also an alternative co-receptor with CD4 for HIV1 infection.

NALP6 belongs to the NLRP family of which function as innate sensors of endogenous and exogenous stress and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). NLRPs are vital components of the inflammasome which is the cytoplasmic multiprotein complex that coordinates inflammation and cell homeostasis in various type of cells/tissues. NALP6 is one of the newest NLR protein family members and is highly expressed in intestinal epithelium and granulocytes, and to a relatively lower level in T-cells.

This gene encodes the major 3' to 5' DNA exonuclease in human cells. The protein is a non-processive exonuclease that appears to provide proofreading for checkpoint signaling after DNA damage in response to oxidative stress and apoptosis. It is ubiquitously expressed. Trex1 binds to single-stranded DNA coated with replication protein A found at sites of DNA damage, and recruits the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related protein (ATR) checkpoint kinase.

Peroxisome proliferators are non-genotoxic carcinogens which are purported to exert their effect on cells by interacting with members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily known as peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). There are four of these nuclear hormone receptors known to date, and they are ligand-dependent intracellular proteins that stimulate downstream gene transcription of genes such as acyl coenzyme A oxidase and cytochrome P450 (CYP450). Activation occurs through direct binding to specific DNA response elements following activation by an appropriate ligand.

Albumin is a soluble and globular monomeric protein encoded by chromosome 4 that comprises about half of the protein found in blood serum. It functions as a carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones as well as stabilizing extracellular fluid volume. Gene mutations result in various anomalous proteins. Albumin is synthesized in the liver as a preproalbumin with an N-terminal peptide that is removed before the nascent protein is released from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).