Bcl2

Ki67, also known as MKI67, is best known as the leading marker of cellular proliferation. Ki67 is regulated by a balance between synthesis and degradation, and often carries a very short half-life.  First discovered to be located to dividing cells, Ki67 has since been specifically localized to the G1, S, G2 and M phases of mitosis. Soon after, it was discovered that there was a high correlation of Ki67 alongside the p53 (tumor suppressing protein 53), suggesting an implication in cancer. What’s more, the expression of Ki67 is higher in malignant cells versus control cells.

Autophagy is an essential process that maintains cellular homeostasis and carries out lysosome-mediated degradation of unwanted proteins in the cytoplasm.  Because of this regulatory function, autophagy is often examined when looking at disease pathways.  While our immune system initiates the removal of viruses and pathogens through the autophagic pathway, viruses, such as HIV, have developed a way to evade this process through inhibition.  Therefore, developing a reliable way to examine the molecular process of this inhibition and interaction is very desired.  The central autophagy

Parkin/PARK2 is a cytosolic enzyme which gets recruited to cellular mitochondria damaged through depolarization, ROS or unfolded proteins accumulation, and exert protective effects by inducing mitophagy (mitochondrial autophagy). Parkin induces mitophagy by promoting mitofission (mitochondrial division) and by ubiquitinating mitochondrial proteins to facilitate their recognition/recruitment to the autophagosomal surface.

Noxa is a BH3-only protein involved in regulating cell death decisions. Noxa is a primary p53-response gene and is upregulated in response to p53 overexpression or DNA damage. Noxa can also be induced by alternative mechanisms including through a hypoxia-response element found in its promoter. Noxa localizes to mitochondria where it binds to Mcl1, an anti-apoptotic Bcl2 family member.

Noxa is a pro-apoptotic gene belonging to the Bcl2 protein family that is unique in that it contains only BH3 domain. The BH3-only subclass of proteins, including proteins like PUMA and Bim in addition to Noxa, regulate the remaining Bcl-2 family members.

Beclin 1 is the mammalian orthologue of the yeast Apg6/Vps30 gene. Beclin 1 can complement the defect in autophagy present in apg6 yeast strains and stimulate autophagy when overexpressed in mammalian cells (1) and can bind to Bcl2, an important regulator of apoptosis (2) suggesting a role in two fundamentally important cellular pathways: autophagy and apoptosis.

We at Novus Biologicals place a lot of emphasis on the kinase signaling pathways. Kinases, or phosphotransferase enzymes play a key role in phosphorylation signaling. Over 500 human protein kinases have so far been discovered. They play essential roles in glucose metabolism, apoptosis, lipid transport, cell migration, cellular differentiation and other cellular functions.

Bax is a member of the Bcl-2 family; an extensive range of proteins which play key roles in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, by regulating outer mitochondrial membrane permeability. We at Novus Biologicals are one of the leading antibody suppliers for apoptosis research, with an extensive range of Bax antibody products.

COX IV isoform 1 is a nuclear-encoded polypeptide chain of the Cytochrome C Oxidase enzyme, located on the mitochondrial inner membrane. Owing to its widespread distribution in human and mammalian tissues, COX IV antibodies are widely used as loading controls for immunological assays.