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The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family is the largest and most diverse family of membrane transport proteins and, as the name suggests, uses the energy generated by ATP hydrolysis to transport substrates across membranes. Eukaryotic ABC transporters are divided in to full or half transporters, and in to seven sub-families named A through to G (1).

CD45, also known as protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C (PTPRC), was originally known as common leukocyte antigen and is a signal transducer involved in many physiological processes such as growth and differentiation, cancer transformation, and the cell cycle. It is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates Src kinases in T- and B-cell receptor signal transduction (1).

Desmoglein 3 (DSG3) is a member of the desmoglein (DSG) subfamily. Dsg3 mainly serves as an adhesion component within intercellular desmosome junctions. It is part of the core complex comprising the most prominent cell-cell junctions - the desmosome. Together with the protein desmocollin (DSC), DSG is a key transmembrane adhesion protein that interacts with cadherins of the opposing cell. Homophilic (DSG3-DSG3) as well as heterophilic (DSC3-DSG1) interactions have been documented both in vitro and in vivo.

Alpha-synuclein is an abundant presynaptic protein expressed predominantly in brain, concentrated in presynaptic nerve terminals. Alpha-synuclein is deposited as fibrillary aggregates in neurons or glial cells which is a hallmark lesion in a subset of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (all collectively referred to as synucleinopathies).

The human Bestrophin family has four members, Best1, Best2, Best3 and Best4. These transmembrane proteins can function as chloride channels, and can also regulate calcium channels (1). The Bestrophins all have a conserved domain which begins at the N-terminus and is predicted to contain four transmembrane regions; the highly variable cytosolic domain, which follows the fourth transmembrane region, distinguishes the family members from one another (2).

An AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site, also known as an abasic site, is a region of DNA that is lacking a purine or pyrimidine base. This can occur spontaneously, or as a result of DNA damage. When DNA damage occurs, DNA repair pathways are activated.

The 6-His antibody recognizes a very short amino acid sequence epitope that is widely and commonly used as a protein fusion tag, often at the N- or C-terminus of protein constructs. It is a very powerful investigative research toolfor applications such as immunochemistry, protein purification, ELISA purification, and protein localization.

Encoded by the HIF1A gene, HIF-1 alpha has a critical role in cellular response to hypoxia. In hypoxic conditions, HIF-1 alpha activates the transcription of several genes to facilitate metabolic reaction for lack of oxygen. In normoxic conditions, HIF-1 alpha is degraded by the proteasome system.

Learn more about HIF-1 Alpha in our infographic below.

Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase-L1 (UCHL1), or gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), belongs to a gene family that hydrolyzes small C-terminal adducts of ubiquitin to generate the monomers. The expression of UCHL1/PGP9.5 is highly specific to neurons and to cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system as well as their tumors, and has been linked to neurodegenerative disease in humans.

ARF1 (ADP-ribosylation factor 1) is a protein in the ARF gene family that is responsible for vesicular trafficking within the cell through its activation of phospholipase D. It is found in the cells golgi apparatus and its main function is intra-Golgi transport within the cell. Arf1 is a GTP-binding protein and is known to activate ArfGEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) which is a cholera toxin catalytic subunit.