Antibody suppliers

Beta-Actin is a highly conserved protein involved in cell growth, cytoskeletal and extracellular support structures and cell migration. Because beta-Actin is ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells, it is frequently used as a loading control for assays involving protein detection, such as Western blots.

Diabetes is a disease that impacts over 29 million people in the US (1). It is metabolic disorder that is the result of a high level or sugar or glucose in the blood. The three types of diabetes are Type 1, Type 2 and gestational diabetes, with Type 2 being the most common worldwide (2). The factors that contribute to a person getting Type 1 or Type 2 are largely unknown, but genetics, obesity and exercise have been linked to diabetes (3). Learn more about diabetes in our infographic below.

ChREBP (carbohydrate response element-binding protein) is a glucose responsive basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper (bHLH/LZ) transcription factor that binds MLX and then carbohydrate response element /ChoRE for the induction of genes involved in glycolysis, de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and fatty acid desaturation. ChREBP’s target genes includes glucokinase (GCK), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), pyruvate kinase/liver type pyruvate kinase (PK1/ PKLR), delta-9-desaturase (SCD/SCD1) etc.

Copper is an essential micronutrient that serves as a cofactor in numerous biological processes, but can be toxic when present in excess. Because of this, cells must tightly maintain copper levels. This includes balance between import and export of cellular copper. The major copper importer in humans is the high-affinity copper transporter SLC31A1 or CTR1. The localization of CTR1 varies between cell types, but is commonly found at the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles [1-3].   

Trex1 the protein is involved in DNA damage response. Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex) the dinosaur lived during the Cretaceous Period. Raptor the protein is a regulator of mTOR activity. Velociraptors the dinosaurs lived during the Cretaceous Period. Learn more about Trex1 and Raptor proteins as well as some fun facts about the tyrannosaurus rex and the velociraptor in our infographic below.

EEA1, or early endosome antigen 1, is a membrane bound Rab5 effector protein specific to the early endosome and plays an important role in membrane trafficking. Early endosomes fuse with endocytic vesicles to redistribute compounds to other cellular destinations. EEA1 contains a C-terminal FYVE domain that binds to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, which targets it to early endosomes [1, 2].

Fluorescent probes conjugated to antibodies allow for simultaneous IHC detection of multiple antigens in the same tissue section. However, quite often conventional multi-color IHC cannot be done if only primary antibodies raised in the same host species are available to the researcher. To solve this problem, we developed a novel technique for performing multicolor fluorescence immunohistochemistry using primary antibodies derived from a single host source.

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family is a group of regulatory kinases with important functions in cell morphogenesis, inflammation, differentiation, and cell death (1). Aberrant activation of JNK family proteins in cancers has led to interest in small molecule JNK inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy (1). JNK1, also known as MAPK8, is expressed in most tissues and is involved in transduction of extracellular signals such as growth factors or cytokines though a phosphorylation cascade to elicit diverse intracellular responses (1).

The inflammatory response consists of a complex network of signaling pathways that regulate a diverse set of cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and transcription factors (1). Of the proinflammatory signaling pathways the NF-kB family is particularly well studied for its role in apoptosis, cancer, and the development and maintenance of the immune system (1). The family consists of the transcription factors p50, p52, RelA (p65), RelB, and c-Rel.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important signaling proteins needed to transmit and relay extracellular stimuli and to illicit intracellular responses (1). The MAPK family of proteins are serine/threonine kinases that are able to phosphorylate and activate downstream kinases in a signal cascade that regulates diverse cell responses such as gene expression, metabolism, apoptosis, and differentiation (1). Notable members of the MAPK family include ERK, JNK, and p38 (1).