| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrier Free | MAB6896-SP | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BSA Free | NBP1-87495-25ul | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrier Free | AF6896-SP | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BSA Free | NBP2-41237-0.025mg | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrier Free | MAB68961-SP | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BSA Free | NBP2-41274-0.025mg | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azide and BSA Free | NBP2-79942 | |||
![Simple Western: Vinculin Antibody (728526) [Unconjugated] [MAB6896] - Western blot analysis for expression levels of mTOR and its downstream factors in the DRG on PID 21. Phosphorylated expressions of mTOR complex 1 and 2 were decreased in the shmTOR group, and its downstream effectors were downregulated as well. Data are expressed as mean +- SEM, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37958901), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/mab6896_human-mouse-rat-vinculin-mab-clone-728526-30820241044559.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (hVIN-1) [NB600-1293] - Cell line lysates were separated on SDS-PAGE and probed with 1:200 Monoclonal Anti-Vinculin Clone: hVIN-1. The antibody was developed using Goat Anti-Mouse IgG-Peroxidase and a chemiluminescent substrate.Lanes:1.HeLa2.COS73.NIH-3T34.RAT25.CHO6.MDBK7.MDCK](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-hVIN-1-Western-Blot-NB600-1293-img0003.jpg "Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (hVIN-1) [NB600-1293] - Cell line lysates were separated on SDS-PAGE and probed with 1:200 Monoclonal Anti-Vinculin Clone: hVIN-1. The antibody was developed using Goat Anti-Mouse IgG-Peroxidase and a chemiluminescent substrate.Lanes:1.HeLa2.COS73.NIH-3T34.RAT25.CHO6.MDBK7.MDCK")
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Vinculin Antibody (hVIN-1) [NB600-1293] - Immunofluorescence images of LM8 cells treated with 0 nM, 1 nM, or 10 nM eribulin and stained for vinculin (red) and nucleus (blue) (left). Dotted line shows the cell shape. Scale bar: 10 um. Quantitative analysis of the area of vinculin staining (right). Values are mean +/- SEM (less than or equal to 30 cells per group). **P < 0.01. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30719211/) licensed under a CC-BY license.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-hVIN-1-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NB600-1293-img0004.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry: Vinculin Antibody (hVIN-1) [NB600-1293] - Enhanced Validation-By Independent Antibodies:Immunohistochemistry. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded Rat Heart sections stained with 15 ug/mL Anti-Vinculin antibody produced in Rabbit (Cat. No. V4139) (A). The antibody was developed using Anti-Rabbit IgG (whole molecule)-FITC antibody produced in Goat (Cat. No. F9887), and 15 ug/mL Monoclonal Anti-Vinculin antibody produced in Mouse, Clone: hVIN1 (Cat. No. V9131) (B). The antibody was developed using Rabbit Anti-Mouse IgG-Cy3 conjugate antibody.Results:Two Anti-Vinculin antibodies, V4139 (A) and V9131 (B), target different regions of Vinculin show similar staining profiles between the two antibodies, demonstrating Independent Antibody Verification.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-hVIN-1-Immunohistochemistry-NB600-1293-img0001.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-20859] - Mouse tissue extract (50 ug) was separated by 5% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with Vinculin antibody [N1N3] diluted at 1:1000. The HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (NBP2-19301) was used to detect the primary antibody.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-20859-img0015.jpg "Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-20859] - Mouse tissue extract (50 ug) was separated by 5% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with Vinculin antibody [N1N3] diluted at 1:1000. The HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (NBP2-19301) was used to detect the primary antibody.")
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-20859] - Vinculin antibody detects Vinculin protein at focal adhesion by immunofluorescent analysis. Sample: HeLa cells were fixed in ice-cold MeOH for 5 min. Green: Vinculin stained by Vinculin antibody diluted at 1:500. Blue: Fluoroshield with DAPI. Scale bar= 10 um.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NBP2-20859-img0013.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-20859] - Human hepatoma, using Vinculin antibody at 1:500 dilution. Antigen Retrieval: TrilogyTM (EDTA based) buffer, 15min](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-20859-img0010.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-20859] - Whole cell extracts (30 ug) was separated by 7.5% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with Vinculin antibody diluted at 1:1000.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-20859-img0005.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-20859] - Various whole cell extracts (30 ug) were separated by 7.5% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with Vinculin antibody diluted at 1:1000. HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody was used to detect the primary antibody.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-20859-img0011.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-20859] - Various whole cell extracts (30 ug) were separated by 5% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with Vinculin antibody diluted at 1:1000. HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody was used to detect the primary antibody.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-20859-img0012.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-20859] - Mouse testis. Vinculin antibody [N1N3] diluted at 1:500. Antigen Retrieval: Citrate buffer, pH 6.0, 15 min.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-20859-img0009.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody [NBP1-87495] - Analysis in human smooth muscle and cerebral cortex tissues using NBP1-87495 antibody. Corresponding VCL RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-87495-img0014.jpg "<b>Orthogonal Strategies Validation. </b>Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody [NBP1-87495] - Analysis in human smooth muscle and cerebral cortex tissues using NBP1-87495 antibody. Corresponding VCL RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.")
![<b>Genetic Strategies Validation and Orthogonal Strategies Validation.</b>Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP1-87495] - Analysis in U-87MG ATCC cells transfected with control siRNA, target specific siRNA probe #1 and #2, using Anti-VCL antibody. Remaining relative intensity is presented. Loading control: Anti-GAPDH.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-87495-img0012.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody [NBP1-87495] - Stainig of human cerebral cortex shows no positivity in neuronal cells.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-87495-img0019.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP1-87495] - Analysis in human heart tissue.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-87495-img0006.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP1-87495] - Analysis in mouse cell line NIH-3T3 and rat cell line NBT-II.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-87495-img0007.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody [NBP1-87495] - Staining of human smooth muscle shows strong cytoplasmic positivity in smooth muscle cells.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-87495-img0015.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody [NBP1-87495] - Stainig of human prostate shows moderate cytoplasmic positivity in smooth muscle cells.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-87495-img0016.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody [NBP1-87495] - Staining of human heart muscle shows moderate cytoplasmic positivity in cardiomyocytes.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-87495-img0017.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody [NBP1-87495] - Staining of human testis shows strong cytoplasmic postivity in cells in seminiferious ducts.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-87495-img0018.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-41237] - Western Blot Validation in Mouse 3T3/balb Cell Lysate. Loading: 15 ug of lysates per lane. Antibodies: Vinculin NBP2-41237 (Lane 1: 0.5 ug/mL and Lane 2: 1 ug/mL), 1h incubation at RT in 5% NFDM/TBST. Secondary: Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate at 1:10000 dilution.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-41237-img0007.jpg "Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-41237] - Western Blot Validation in Mouse 3T3/balb Cell Lysate. Loading: 15 ug of lysates per lane. Antibodies: Vinculin NBP2-41237 (Lane 1: 0.5 ug/mL and Lane 2: 1 ug/mL), 1h incubation at RT in 5% NFDM/TBST. Secondary: Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate at 1:10000 dilution.")
![<b>Independent Antibodies Validation. </b>Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-41237] - Independent Antibody Validation (IAV) via Protein Expression Profile in Human, Mouse and Rat Cell Lines. Loading: 15 ug of lysates per lane. Antibodies: Vinculin NBP2-41237 (2 ug/mL), Vinculin from Company B (1 ug/mL), Vinculin NBP2-41274 (1 ug/mL), and beta-actin (1.5 ug/mL), 1h incubation at RT in 5% NFDM/TBST. Secondary: Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate at 1:10000 dilution.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-41237-img0004.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-41237] - Western Blot Validation in Human PC-3 Cell Lysate. Loading: 15 ug of lysates per lane. Antibodies: Vinculin NBP2-41237 (Lane 1: 0.5 ug/mL and Lane 2: 1 ug/mL), 1h incubation at RT in 5% NFDM/TBST. Secondary: Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate at 1:10000 dilution.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-41237-img0005.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-41237] - Western Blot Validation in Human Cell Lines. Loading: 15 ug of lysates per lane.Antibodies: Vinculin NBP2-41237 (2 ug/mL), 1h incubation at RT in 5% NFDM/TBST.Secondary: Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate at 1:10000 dilution.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-41237-img0006.jpg)
![Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: Vinculin Antibody - BSA Free [NBP2-41237] - Validation of Vinculin in Rat Small Intestine Tissue.Immunofluorescent analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed rat small intestine tissue labeling Vinculin with at 20 u/mL, followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody at 1/500 dilution (red).](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp2-41237_rabbit-polyclonal-vinculin-antibody-271120241958412.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry: Vinculin Antibody - BSA Free [NBP2-41237] - Validation of Vinculin in Rat Small Intestine Tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat small intestine tissue using anti-Vinculin antibody at 5 ug/ml. Tissue was fixed with formaldehyde and blocked with 10% serum for 1 h at RT; antigen retrieval was by heat mediation with a citrate buffer (pH6). Samples were incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4C. A goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) at 1/250 was used as secondary. Counter stained with Hematoxylin.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp2-41237_rabbit-polyclonal-vinculin-antibody-2711202420312944.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-41274] - Western Blot Validation in PC3 Cell Lysate. Loading: 15 ug of lysates per lane.Antibodies: Vinculin NBP2-41274 (Lane 1: 0.5 ug/mL and Lane 2: 1 ug/mL), 1h incubation at RT in 5% NFDM/TBST. Secondary: Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate at 1:10000 dilution.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-41274-img0007.jpg "Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-41274] - Western Blot Validation in PC3 Cell Lysate. Loading: 15 ug of lysates per lane.Antibodies: Vinculin NBP2-41274 (Lane 1: 0.5 ug/mL and Lane 2: 1 ug/mL), 1h incubation at RT in 5% NFDM/TBST. Secondary: Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate at 1:10000 dilution.")
![Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: Vinculin Antibody - BSA Free [NBP2-41274] - Validation of Vinculin in Jurkat Cells. Immunocytochemical analysis of Jurkat cells using anti-Vinculin antibody at 5 ug/ml. Cells was fixed with formaldehyde and blocked with 10% serum for 1 h at RT; antigen retrieval was by heat mediation with a citrate buffer (pH6). Samples were incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4C. A goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) at 1/250 was used as secondary. Counter stained with Hematoxylin.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp2-41274_rabbit-polyclonal-vinculin-antibody-2711202420352440.gif)
![<b>Independent Antibodies Validation. </b>Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-41274] - Independent Antibody Validation (IAV) via Protein Expression Profile in Human, Mouse and Rat Cell Lines. Loading: 15 ug of lysates per lane. Antibodies: Vinculin NBP2-41237 (2 ug/mL), Vinculin from Company B (1 ug/mL), Vinculin NBP2-41274 (1 ug/mL), and beta-actin (1.5 ug/mL), 1h incubation at RT in 5% NFDM/TBST. Secondary: Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate at 1:10000 dilution.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-41274-img0005.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody [NBP2-41274] - Western Blot Validation in Human, Mouse and Rat Cell Lines. Loading: 15 ug of lysates per lane. Antibodies: Vinculin NBP2-41274 (1 ug/mL), 1h incubation at RT in 5% NFDM/TBST. Secondary: Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate at 1:10000 dilution.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP2-41274-img0006.jpg)
![Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: Vinculin Antibody - BSA Free [NBP2-41274] - Validation of Vinculin in Jurkat Cells. Immunofluorescent analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed Jurkat cells labeling Vinculin with at 20 ug/mL, followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody at 1/500 dilution (green) and DAPI staining (blue).](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp2-41274_rabbit-polyclonal-vinculin-antibody-2711202419241340.gif)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2575) [NBP2-79808] - Western Blot Analysis of human U-87, THP-1 cell lysate using Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2575).](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-VCL-2575-Western-Blot-NBP2-79808-img0004.jpg "Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2575) [NBP2-79808] - Western Blot Analysis of human U-87, THP-1 cell lysate using Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2575).")
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2575) [NBP2-79808] - Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human Testicular Carcinoma stained with Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2575).](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-VCL-2575-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-79808-img0001.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2575) [NBP2-79808] - Western Blot Analysis of human A431, K562, NIH3T3 cell lysate using Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2575).](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-VCL-2575-Western-Blot-NBP2-79808-img0003.jpg)
![Protein Array: Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2575) [NBP2-79808] - Analysis of Protein Array containing more than 19,000 full-length human proteins using Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2575) Z- and S- Score: The Z-score represents the strength of a signal that a monoclonal antibody (MAb) (in combination with a fluorescently-tagged anti-IgG secondary antibody) produces when binding to a particular protein on the HuProt(TM) array. Z-scores are described in units of standard deviations (SD's) above the mean value of all signals generated on that array. If targets on HuProt(TM) are arranged in descending order of the Z-score, the S-score is the difference (also in units of SD's) between the Z-score. S-score therefore represents the relative target specificity of a MAb to its intended target. A MAb is considered to specific to its intended target, if the MAb has an S-score of at least 2.5.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-VCL-2575-Protein-Array-NBP2-79808-img0002.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (9I3Y8) [NBP3-16145] - Western blot analysis of lysates from HeLa cells using Vinculin Rabbit mAb at 1:320000-1:1280000 dilution incubated overnight at 4C.Secondary antibody: HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:10000 dilution.Lysates/proteins: 25 ug per lane.Blocking buffer: 3% nonfat dry milk in TBST.Detection: ECL Basic Kit.Exposure time: 10s.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp3-16145_rabbit-vinculin-mab-9i3y8-5220251265322.jpg "Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (9I3Y8) [NBP3-16145] - Western blot analysis of lysates from HeLa cells using Vinculin Rabbit mAb at 1:320000-1:1280000 dilution incubated overnight at 4C.Secondary antibody: HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:10000 dilution.Lysates/proteins: 25 ug per lane.Blocking buffer: 3% nonfat dry milk in TBST.Detection: ECL Basic Kit.Exposure time: 10s.")
![Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: Vinculin Antibody (9I3Y8) [NBP3-16145] - Confocal imaging of paraffin-embedded Human colon cancer tissue using Vinculin Rabbit mAb followed by a further incubation with Cy3 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) . DAPI was used for nuclear staining (Blue). High pressure antigen retrieval performed with 0.01M Citrate Buffer (pH 6.0) prior to IF staining. Objective: 40x.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp3-16145_rabbit-vinculin-mab-9i3y8-522025125423.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (VIN-11-5) [NB120-11193] - Chicken gizzard cell extract was separated on SDS-PAGE and probed with NB120-11193. The antibody was developed with AlkPhos APA Mouse Fab ads HIgG and a NBT/BCIP substrate. Antibody dilution 1/200.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-VIN-11-5-Western-Blot-NB120-11193-img0006.jpg "Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (VIN-11-5) [NB120-11193] - Chicken gizzard cell extract was separated on SDS-PAGE and probed with NB120-11193. The antibody was developed with AlkPhos APA Mouse Fab ads HIgG and a NBT/BCIP substrate. Antibody dilution 1/200.")
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Vinculin Antibody (VIN-11-5) [NB120-11193] - Double labeling of an isolated smooth muscle cell (chicken gizzard) with Monoclonal Anti-Vinculin, clone no. VIN-11-5 (green) and Anti-alpha Actinin (red).](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-VIN-11-5-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NB120-11193-img0005.jpg)
![Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2572) - Azide and BSA Free [NBP2-79940] - Analysis of U-87 and THP-1 cell lysate using VCL Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (VCL/2572).](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-VCL-2572-Azide-and-BSA-Free-Western-Blot-NBP2-79940-img0004.jpg "Western Blot: Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2572) - Azide and BSA Free [NBP2-79940] - Analysis of U-87 and THP-1 cell lysate using VCL Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (VCL/2572).")
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2572) - Azide and BSA Free [NBP2-79940] - Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human Testis stained with VCL Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (VCL/2572).](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-VCL-2572-Azide-and-BSA-Free-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-79940-img0001.jpg)
![Protein Array: Vinculin Antibody (VCL/2572) - Azide and BSA Free [NBP2-79940] - Z- and S- Score: The Z-score represents the strength of a signal that a monoclonal antibody (MAb) (in combination with a fluorescently-tagged anti-IgG secondary antibody) produces when binding to a particular protein on the HuProtTM array. Z-scores are described in units of standard deviations (SD's) above the mean value of all signals generated on that array. If targets on HuProtTM are arranged in descending order of the Z-score, the S-score is the difference (also in units of SD's) between the Z-score. S-score therefore represents the relative target specificity of a MAb to its intended target. A MAb is considered to specific to its intended target, if the MAb has an S-score of at least 2.5. For example, if a MAb binds to protein X with a Z-score of 43 and to protein Y with a Z-score of 14, then the S-score for the binding of that MAb to protein X is equal to 29.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/Vinculin-Antibody-VCL-2572-Azide-and-BSA-Free-Protein-Array-NBP2-79940-img0003.jpg)