Antibody catalog

EEA1, or early endosome antigen 1, is a membrane bound Rab5 effector protein specific to the early endosome and plays an important role in membrane trafficking. Early endosomes fuse with endocytic vesicles to redistribute compounds to other cellular destinations. EEA1 contains a C-terminal FYVE domain that binds to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, which targets it to early endosomes [1, 2].

Fluorescent probes conjugated to antibodies allow for simultaneous IHC detection of multiple antigens in the same tissue section. However, quite often conventional multi-color IHC cannot be done if only primary antibodies raised in the same host species are available to the researcher. To solve this problem, we developed a novel technique for performing multicolor fluorescence immunohistochemistry using primary antibodies derived from a single host source.

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family is a group of regulatory kinases with important functions in cell morphogenesis, inflammation, differentiation, and cell death (1). Aberrant activation of JNK family proteins in cancers has led to interest in small molecule JNK inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy (1). JNK1, also known as MAPK8, is expressed in most tissues and is involved in transduction of extracellular signals such as growth factors or cytokines though a phosphorylation cascade to elicit diverse intracellular responses (1).

The inflammatory response consists of a complex network of signaling pathways that regulate a diverse set of cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and transcription factors (1). Of the proinflammatory signaling pathways the NF-kB family is particularly well studied for its role in apoptosis, cancer, and the development and maintenance of the immune system (1). The family consists of the transcription factors p50, p52, RelA (p65), RelB, and c-Rel.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important signaling proteins needed to transmit and relay extracellular stimuli and to illicit intracellular responses (1). The MAPK family of proteins are serine/threonine kinases that are able to phosphorylate and activate downstream kinases in a signal cascade that regulates diverse cell responses such as gene expression, metabolism, apoptosis, and differentiation (1). Notable members of the MAPK family include ERK, JNK, and p38 (1).

Histones make up the main protein component of chromatin and are responsible for storing and organizing the genome in a compact yet accessible manner. In addition to storage, histones play an important role in the regulation of various cellular processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and mitosis by regulating the accessibility of DNA to various DNA-binding proteins. Simply put, chromatin exists in “open” and “closed” states.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a well-known housekeeping gene with functions in glycolysis. Many biologists are familiar with the gene and use GAPDH antibodies for a loading control when performing western blots. However, this primarily cytoplasmic protein is an essential metabolic regulator and has been shown to be involved in a variety of cellular processes like DNA repair, membrane fusion, and cell death (1).

Histones are nuclear proteins essential for the storage and organization of genomic DNA as chromatin. Chromatin consists of DNA wrapped tightly around histone oligomers to form nucleosomes. In addition to compacting the genome, histones also regulate the accessibility of the DNA to the transcription and replication machinery to influence gene expression and mitosis.

Myc is a basic helix-loop-helix zipper transcription factor that regulates a network of many hundreds of genes. Myc up-regulates the expression of many genes involved in cell growth and proliferation such as ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis (1). While many Myc induced genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, tRNA and rRNA genes are also Myc targets (1). Myc is also responsible for repressing genes involved in cell-cycle arrest and cell adhesion.

Histones are the main protein component of chromatin and are essential for the storage and compaction of the genome. DNA wraps around histone oligomers to make up nucleosomes, the individual subunits of chromatin. By altering the accessibility of the genome, chromatin structure is important for regulating various cellular processes including replication, transcription, and DNA repair. Typically chromatin structure is influenced by post-translational modification of histone proteins at lysine and arginine residues.