Antibodies

The ABCA1 molecule is a primary gatekeeper for regulating the intracellular transport of cholesterol. It belongs to a larger related multifamily of cAMP-dependent anion transporter cell membrane molecules. These key proteins are responsible for trafficking the reverse efflux of cholesterol from cells into peripheral tissues using the apolipoprotein A-1 (apo) carrier. In particular, the ABCA1 molecule exhibits a diverse expression profile and is found most highly expressed in macrophages.

53BP1 (p53 binding protein 1) was originally thought to be an enhancer for p53 transcriptional, but later studies have demonstrated that it is actually a substrate for ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). 53BP1 is a classic late DNA damage response (DDR) marker that is present during the cell cycle phases of telophase and cytokinesis (within mitotic mammalian cells).

FOXO1 belongs to the very large Forkhead family of transcription factors which contain a conserved distinct DNA-binding domain known as the Forkhead Box, or FOX. The Forkhead domain is a 100 amino acid long motif capable of binding and bending DNA, and is also known as a “winged helix”. Forkhead family members are involved in a very diverse and wide range of physiological processes from cell cycle, apoptosis, and oxidative-stress resistance. The “O” class of proteins in particular are all regulated by the insulin/PI3K/AKT pathway.

Hemostasis, or blood clotting, follows tissue injury and involves the deployment of essential plasma procoagulants (such as prothrombin, and Factors X, IX, V, and VIII) that trigger the blood coagulation cascade. This cascade leads to the formation of insoluble fibrin clots and the promotion of platelet aggregation. Defects in Factor VIII and the coagulation cascade result in hemophilia A, a common recessive X-linked coagulation disorder. This disease is characterized by uncontrolled bleeding into joints, muscles, and soft tissues.

The protein P2Y2 is a G-protein coupled metabotropic receptor that belongs to a larger family consisting of several receptor subtypes that each has a different pharmacological selectivity for various adenosine and uridine nucleotides. (This selectivity overlaps in some cases).

CD20 is a human B-lymphocyte surface molecule that spans the membrane four times and is expressed on both normal and malignant cells. The CD20 antigen displays a unique expression pattern among hematopoietic cells - it is present on human pre B-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes at all stages of maturation (except for plasma cells). Low CD20 antigen expression levels have been detected on normal T-lymphocytes. It functions as a B-cell activation receptor and B-lymphocyte development and differentiation agent, presumably through modulating intracellular calcium levels.

The SOX gene family encodes a group of highly conserved transcription factors defined by the presence of a conserved high motility group (HMG) DNA-binding domain. They are involved in embryonic development regulation and cell fate determination. All SOX proteins have a single HMG box and bind linear DNA in a sequence-specific manner, resulting in the bending of DNA through large angles. This bending opens the DNA helix for some distance, which may affect the binding and interactions of other transcription factors.

Cell death via apoptosis is a key cellular function triggered by the cell death receptor family and their ligands. This regulated process then transmits downstream signals through adaptor molecules ending with the caspase cysteine proteases. Caspase 11 has a heterotetrameric structure consisting of two anti-parallel heterodimers. Upon activation, it is cleaved by an autocatalytic mechanism to give rise to individual subunits. This post-translational regulation enables rapid activation. Expression levels of caspase 11 are highest in lung and spleen.

Notch1 is a member of the Notch family of Type 1 single-pass transmembrane proteins that share an extracellular domain of multiple epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats. Notch family members play key roles in a variety of developmental processes via the regulation of cell fate. These processes include cell-fate determination, proliferation, and cell contact-dependent signaling. In Drosophila, notch interaction with its cell-bound ligands (delta, serrate) establishes a key development intercellular signaling pathway.