Antibodies

The protein PINK1 is a mitochondrial-located serine/threonine kinase (PTK) that maintains organelle function and integrity. It not only protects organelles from cellular stress, but it also uses the selective auto-phagocytosis process for cleaning and clearing cell damage. Exner et al initially reported that, in humans, a PINK1 deficiency is linked to autosomal recessive incidences of both neurodegenerative pathology and Parkinson's Disease (PD) (1).

Troponin I is part of a heteromeric thin filament regulatory complex that is responsible for modulating skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. Troponin complex consists of three subunits: troponin I (TnI), troponin T (TnT), and troponin C (TnC). Each of these subunits has a different role in the function of the complex. In particular, TnI is the inhibitory component, and confers calcium-sensitivity to the ATPase activity of the myofibril contractile apparatus within striated muscles. By blocking actin-myosin interactions, it regulates muscle relaxation.

The protein Troponin I is a component of the heteromeric protein complex responsible for regulating both skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. Troponin complex is made up of three parts: troponin I (TnI), troponin T (TnT), and troponin C (TnC). Each of these proteins has a particular function. TnI is the inhibitory component that confers calcium-sensitivity to the ATPase activity of the myofibril contractile apparatus.

Troponin I is part of a heteromeric thin filament regulatory complex that governs skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. Troponin I is composed of three subunits: troponin I (TnI), troponin T (TnT), and troponin C (TnC), and each of these components plays a different functional role. For example, TnI is an inhibitory component, and confers calcium-sensitivity to the ATPase activity of the myofibril contractile apparatus within striated muscles. Through blocking actin-myosin interactions, TnI modulates muscle relaxation.

The c-Kit (CD117) proto-oncogene is a 145 kD receptor tyrosine kinase family closely related to platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). It is a transmembrane receptor and the cellular homolog of the HZ4-feline sarcoma virus transforming gene (v-Kit). c-Kit is expressed on hematopoietic stem cells (multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, myeloid and/or erythroid lineage progenitors, and T-and B- cell precursors), mast cells, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. c-Kit regulates a variety of biological responses such as chemotaxis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and adhesion.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the external framework found between individual cells that comprise higher order structures like tissues and organs. The ECM composition of vertebrates is dominated by a class of molecules known as collagens - each with unique features suited for a particular function and location. Collagen proteins are made up of three subunit polypeptides that vary in length. Through a unique repeated (Gly-X-Y) sequence, these components associate to form a structurally regular triple helix.

B7H4 is a co-stimulatory protein though to function as a negative regulator of T-cell mediated immunity by blocking proliferation, cell cycle progression and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Because B7H4-deficient mice are only minimally affected, it appears that B7H4 is involved in fine tuning of the T-cell mediated immune response. B7H4 is expressed on activated T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells and exists in three different isoforms.

CD68 belongs to a growing family of hematopoietic mucin-like molecules known as lysosomal/endosomal-associated membrane glycoproteins (LAMPs). Other LAMP family members included leukosialin, stem cell antigen CD34, and GlyCAM-1. CD68 encodes a 110-kD transmembrane glycoprotein with high levels of expression in human monocytes and tissue macrophages. CD68 binds lectins through a heavily glycosylated extracellular domain.

PCNA is a nuclear protein essential for DNA replication as well as DNA excision and mismatch repair pathways. It coordinates the recruitment and association of needed components during both of these processes, both of which are essential for cell cycle regulation and cell response to stress.  Through the symmetric association of three identical monomers, PCNA forms a toroidal, ring-shaped structure that encircles DNA. This serves as the scaffold upon which polymerases and other proteins dock and associate.

FLT3 is a Type III tyrosine kinase cell surface receptor found on primitive bone marrow stem cells. The FLT3 ligand is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates cells via a set of structurally related tyrosine kinase receptors.  This FLT3 Ligand promotes the differentiation of multiple hematopoietic cell lineages and is expressed as a non-covalently-linked dimer by T-cells, bone marrow, and thymic fibroblasts.