| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrier Free | SBNT00 | |||
| Carrier Free | PDBNT00 | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azide and BSA Free | NB120-10505-25ug | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrier Free | MAB648-SP | |||
| Carrier Free | MAB648-500 | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrier Free | AF248-SP | |||
![N/A BDNF [HRP]](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize2/DATA_BDNF_DBD00_ELISA_587.jpg "N/A BDNF [HRP]")
![N/A BDNF [HRP]](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize2/DATA_BDNF_DBD00_ELISA_588.jpg)
![N/A BDNF [HRP]](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize2/BDNF_DBD00_ELISA_36.jpg)
![N/A BDNF [Biotin]](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize2/DATA_BDNF_DY248_ELISA_1837.jpg "N/A BDNF [Biotin]")
![N/A BDNF [HRP]](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize2/BDNF_DBNT00_ELISA_1120.jpg "N/A BDNF [HRP]")
![N/A BDNF [HRP]](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize2/BDNF_DBNT00_ELISA_1119.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - BDNF lowered the mechanical withdrawal threshold further and promoted activation of astrocytes and microglia, and enhanced the p38/JNK pathway to aggravate the release of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in the SDH of CYP-induced cystitis. Western blots showing the expression of BDNF was further upregulated when compared with the CYP + PBS group. Data of mechanical withdrawal threshold were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Sidak's multiple comparisons test. All data were calculated as mean +/- SEM (n = 10 per group). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. the control group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. the CYP + rBDNF group. $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01, $$$p < 0.001 vs. the CYP + PBS group.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Western-Blot-NB100-98682-img0010.jpg "<b>Biological Strategies Validation. </b>Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - BDNF lowered the mechanical withdrawal threshold further and promoted activation of astrocytes and microglia, and enhanced the p38/JNK pathway to aggravate the release of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in the SDH of CYP-induced cystitis. Western blots showing the expression of BDNF was further upregulated when compared with the CYP + PBS group. Data of mechanical withdrawal threshold were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Sidak's multiple comparisons test. All data were calculated as mean +/- SEM (n = 10 per group). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. the control group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. the CYP + rBDNF group. $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01, $$$p < 0.001 vs. the CYP + PBS group.")
![<b>Biological Strategies Validation. </b>Immunohistochemistry: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - Effects of mBMSC and EA treatment on the expression of mBDNF and NT4 in neurons. Photomicrographs for mBDNF/NeuN or NT4/NeuN double-positive cells in the striatum and hippocampus (n = 5). The number of mBDNF/NeuN double-positive cells in the SVZ + striatum and hippocampus was significantly higher in the EA-treated MCAO group and the combined mBMSC + EA-treated MCAO group, compared to the number in the other groups. The number of NT4/NeuN double-positive cells in the hippocampus was significantly higher in the EA-treated MCAO group than in the vehicle-treated MCAO group. #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 versus control group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 versus vehicle-treated MCAO group; &&p < 0.01 versus mBMSC-treated MCAO group. Scale bar = 100 um. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-20481-3) licensed under a CC-BY license.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-NB100-98682-img0007.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - Human platelet lysate and recombinant mature BDNF. Blocking: 1% LFDM for 30 min at RT; primary antibody (1:1000) incubated at 4C overnight.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Western-Blot-NB100-98682-img0006.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - Mouse hippocampus. The animal was perfused at a pressure of 130 mmHg with 300 ml 4% FA before being processed for paraffin embedding. HIER: Tris-EDTA, pH 9 for 20 min. Blocking: 0.2% LFDM in TBST filtered thru 0.2 um. Detection was done using Novolink HRP polymer from Leica following manufacturers instructions; DAB chromogen: Candela DAB chromogen. Primary antibody: dilution 1: 1000, incubated 30 min at RT. Sections were counterstained with Harris Hematoxylin.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NB100-98682-img0001.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - Mouse hippocampus. The animal was perfused at a pressure of 130 mmHg with 300 ml 4% FA before being processed for paraffin embedding. HIER: Tris-EDTA, pH 9 for 20 min. Blocking: 0.2% LFDM in TBST filtered thru 0.2 um. Detection was done using Novolink HRP polymer from Leica following manufacturers instructions; DAB chromogen: Candela DAB chromogen. Primary antibody: dilution 1: 1000, incubated 30 min at RT. Sections were counterstained with Harris Hematoxylin.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NB100-98682-img0003.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - Mouse hippocampus. The animal was perfused at a pressure of 130 mmHg with 300 ml 4% FA before being processed for paraffin embedding. HIER: Tris-EDTA, pH 9 for 20 min. Blocking: 0.2% LFDM in TBST filtered thru 0.2 um. Detection was done using Novolink HRP polymer from Leica following manufacturers instructions; DAB chromogen: Candela DAB chromogen. Primary antibody: dilution 1: 1000, incubated 30 min at RT. Sections were counterstained with Harris Hematoxylin.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NB100-98682-img0005.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - Effect of treatment with FX extract on CREB/BDNF signaling. (a-c) Differences in the phosphorylation of CREB & expression of BDNF between groups in the PFC & hippocampus (n = 3-4). (d, e) pCREB & BDNF immunofluorescence was assessed in the PFC & hippocampus (n = 3-4). Mean ± SD. #P < 0.05 versus normal group; ∗P < 0.05 & ∗∗P < 0.01 versus control group. Scale bar = 200 μm. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30065945), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-98682_rabbit-polyclonal-bdnf-antibody-310202415371951.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - Effect of treatment with FX extract on CREB/BDNF signaling. (a-c) Differences in the phosphorylation of CREB & expression of BDNF between groups in the PFC & hippocampus (n = 3-4). (d, e) pCREB & BDNF immunofluorescence was assessed in the PFC & hippocampus (n = 3-4). Mean ± SD. #P < 0.05 versus normal group; ∗P < 0.05 & ∗∗P < 0.01 versus control group. Scale bar = 200 μm. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30065945), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-98682_rabbit-polyclonal-bdnf-antibody-310202415175223.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - Antagonized TrkB could restrain the activation of astrocytes & microglia & supress the p38/JNK pathway to alleviate the release of IL-1 beta & TNF-alpha in the SDH of CYP-induced cystitis. Western blots showed that the overexpression of a BDNF, b TrkB, cp-TrkB, d Iba1, e GFAP, fp-p38, gp-JNK, h TNF-alpha , & i IL-1 beta were downregulated in comparison to the CYP + DMSO group after ANA-12 treatment. All data were calculated as mean ± SEM (n = 5 per group). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. control group. ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. CYP + ANA-12 group Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31931832), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-98682_rabbit-polyclonal-bdnf-antibody-310202415291934.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - BDNF lowered the mechanical withdrawal threshold further & promoted activation of astrocytes & microglia, & enhanced the p38/JNK pathway to aggravate the release of IL-1 beta & TNF-alpha in the SDH of CYP-induced cystitis. a BDNF treated every other day after CYP injection could further lower the mechanical withdrawal threshold & suppress the retrieval of mechanical threshold when compared with the CYP + PBS group. After the exogenous BDNF injection, Western blots showing the expression of b BDNF, c TrkB, dp-TrkB, e Iba1, f GFAP, gp-p38, hp-JNK, i TNF-alpha , & j IL-1 beta were all further upregulated when compared with the CYP + PBS group. Data of mechanical withdrawal threshold were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Sidak's multiple comparisons test. All data were calculated as mean ± SEM (n = 10 per group). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. the control group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. the CYP + rBDNF group. $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01, $$$p < 0.001 vs. the CYP + PBS group Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31931832), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-98682_rabbit-polyclonal-bdnf-antibody-310202416284921.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - Effects of mBMSC & EA treatment on the expression of trophic factors. (A) Photomicrographs & (B‒D) histograms for mBDNF, NT4, & VEGF expression (n = 4–5). mBDNF expression was markedly increased by treatment with mBMSC and/or EA compared to vehicle treatment. mBDNF expression levels were higher in the EA-treated MCAO group than in the mBMSC-treated MCAO group. NT4 expression in the SVZ & hippocampus was significantly higher in the combined mBMSC & EA treatment group than in the other groups. VEGF expression in the hippocampus was markedly higher in the mBMSC treatment group than in the vehicle-treated MCAO group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, & ###p < 0.001 versus control group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, & ***p < 0.001 versus vehicle-treated MCAO group; &p < 0.05, &&p < 0.01, & &&&p < 0.001 versus mBMSC-treated MCAO group; Scale bar = 1 mm. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29391466), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-98682_rabbit-polyclonal-bdnf-antibody-310202416284912.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NB100-98682] - The expression of BDNF-TrkB signaling in the SDH of CYP-induced cystitis. a Changes of the mechanical threshold in CYP-induced cystitis model. Compared to that in the control group, the mechanical threshold of the cystitis group decreased significantly after the CYP injection & remained low until day 17, & the minimum threshold value was reached on day 12. The expression of b BDNF, c TrkB, & dp-TrkB were evaluated by western blots. Compared to the control group, they were upregulated on days 8, 12, & 17. e Immunofluorescence double staining assay of BDNF & p-TrkB in the SDH. BDNF & p-TrkB (red), NeuN, GFAP, & OX-42( green), co-localization (yellow). BDNF was mainly colocalized in neurons which mainly located in Laminate II to IV. & TrkB receptors expressed in neurons, microglia, & astrocytes. The white dotted lines in picture “BDNF/NeuN” showed the laminate of the SDH according to Rexed & Steiner. Scale bar = 100 μm. All data were calculated as mean ± SEM (n = 5 per group). *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. the control group Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31931832), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-98682_rabbit-polyclonal-bdnf-antibody-310202416284910.jpg)
![N/A BDNF [Biotin]](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize2/DATA_BDNF_DY3175_ELISA_1924.jpg "N/A BDNF [Biotin]")
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-46750] - Human platelet lysate. Blocking: 1% LFDM for 30 min at RT; primary antibody incubated at 4C overnight. Click on eLAB BOOK tab to see the details. Mature BDNF: (1:2000 dilution) ; proBDNF: (1:1000 dilution)](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-46750-img0002.jpg "Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-46750] - Human platelet lysate. Blocking: 1% LFDM for 30 min at RT; primary antibody incubated at 4C overnight. Click on eLAB BOOK tab to see the details. Mature BDNF: (1:2000 dilution) ; proBDNF: (1:1000 dilution)")
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-46750] - IHC-P on paraffin sections of rat hippocampus.The animal was perfused using Autoperfuser at a pressure of 130 mmHg with 300 ml 4% FA before being processed for paraffin embedding. HIER: Tris-EDTA, pH 9 for 20 min.Blocking: 0.2% LFDM in TBST filtered thru 0.2 um.Detection was done using HRP polymer following manufacturers instructions; DAB chromogen.Primary antibody: dilution 1: 1000, incubated 30 min at RT using Autostainer.Sections were counterstained with Harris Hematoxylin.Small neurons are stained and also some nuclear staining is observed.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-46750-img0008.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-46750] - Paraffin sections of rat spinal cord. Dilution 1: 1000.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-46750-img0003.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-46750] - Paraffin sections of rat hippocampus. Dilution 1: 1000.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-46750-img0004.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-46750] - Paraffin sections of mouse hippocampus. Dilution 1: 1000.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-46750-img0005.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-46750] - IHC-P on paraffin sections of rat hippocampus.The animal was perfused using Autoperfuser at a pressure of 130 mmHg with 300 ml 4% FA before being processed for paraffin embedding. HIER: Tris-EDTA, pH 9 for 20 min.Blocking: 0.2% LFDM in TBST filtered thru 0.2 um.Detection was done using HRP polymer following manufacturers instructions; DAB chromogen.Primary antibody: dilution 1: 1000, incubated 30 min at RT using Autostainer.Sections were counterstained with Harris Hematoxylin.Small neurons are stained and also some nuclear staining is observed.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-46750-img0007.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-59304] - ANT-DBS inhibited BDNF-TrkB pathway and its downstream regulator in the hippocampus of epileptic monkeys. Analysis of BDNF (1:1000, NBP1-59304), TrkB (1:500, NPB1-47898), p-ERK, ERK, p-Akt, Akt, p-S6K and S6K by western blotting. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (www.aging-us.com/lookup/doi/10.18632/aging.103026) licensed under a CC-BY license.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-59304-img0009.jpg "Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-59304] - ANT-DBS inhibited BDNF-TrkB pathway and its downstream regulator in the hippocampus of epileptic monkeys. Analysis of BDNF (1:1000, NBP1-59304), TrkB (1:500, NPB1-47898), p-ERK, ERK, p-Akt, Akt, p-S6K and S6K by western blotting. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (www.aging-us.com/lookup/doi/10.18632/aging.103026) licensed under a CC-BY license.")
![Immunohistochemistry: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-59304] - Ventral horn region of mouse spinal cord. Concentration 1:200](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-NBP1-59304-img0004.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-59304] - ACHN Whole Cell lysates.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-59304-img0005.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-59304] - Human Liver cell lysate, concentration 0.2-1 ug/ml.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-59304-img0002.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-59304] - ACHN Whole Cell lysates, Antibody Dilution: 1 ug/ml.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-59304-img0006.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-59304] - Fetal Liver lysates, Antibody Dilution: 0.5 ug/ml.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-59304-img0007.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-59304] - Sample Tissue: Human ACHN Antibody Dilution: 1.0 ug/ml](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-59304-img0008.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-59304] - Rhesus macaque spinal cord. Concentration1:300.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-NBP1-59304-img0003.jpg)
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody [NBP1-59304] - Simvastatin treatment increases BDNF expression in primary cortical neurons of AS mice. (A) Primary cultured cortical neurons prepared from wild type & AS embryos were treated with 5 μM simvastatin at DIV14 for 12 h. Neurons were then fixed & processed for double immunofluorescence staining using Ube3a & BDNF antibodies. Representative images were shown. About 12 immunostained neurons in each group were checked for BDNF expression, fluorescence intensity in each cell was quantified & compared. Scale bar, 50 μm. (B) Immunoblot analysis of matured BDNF levels in simvastatin treated primary cortical neurons as described above. (C) Band intensity of the mature BDNF was quantified & normalized to Tuj1 (BDNF/Tuj1). Values are mean ± SD; n = 3. The ‘a’ point P < 0.05 compared to vehicle treated wild type group & “b” denote P < 0.05 with respect to vehicle treated AS group (one way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak post hoc test). Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31849603), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp1-59304_rabbit-polyclonal-bdnf-antibody-310202416182644.jpg)
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: BDNF Antibody (35928.11) [NB120-10505] - Human thyroid tissue was incubated with anti-BDNF antibody at a dilution of 1:100 overnight at 4C and detected with Alexa Fluor 594 Donkey anti-mouse 1:500. Nuclei stained with DAPI. ICC/IF image submitted by a verified customer review.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-35928-11-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NB120-10505-img0001.jpg "Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: BDNF Antibody (35928.11) [NB120-10505] - Human thyroid tissue was incubated with anti-BDNF antibody at a dilution of 1:100 overnight at 4C and detected with Alexa Fluor 594 Donkey anti-mouse 1:500. Nuclei stained with DAPI. ICC/IF image submitted by a verified customer review.")
![Western Blot: BDNF Antibody (SJ12-09) [NBP2-67410] - Analysis of BDNF on different lysates using anti-BDNF antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. Positive control: Lane 1: SHG-44 Lane 2: A172 Lane 3: Mouse brain](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-SJ12-09-Western-Blot-NBP2-67410-img0005.jpg "Western Blot: BDNF Antibody (SJ12-09) [NBP2-67410] - Analysis of BDNF on different lysates using anti-BDNF antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. Positive control: Lane 1: SHG-44 Lane 2: A172 Lane 3: Mouse brain")
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: BDNF Antibody (SJ12-09) [NBP2-67410] - ICC staining of BDNF in Hela cells (green). Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 1% Blocker BSA for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with the primary ant](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-SJ12-09-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NBP2-67410-img0006.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody (SJ12-09) [NBP2-67410] - Analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse testis tissue using anti-BDNF antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-SJ12-09-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-67410-img0004.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody (SJ12-09) [NBP2-67410] - Analysis of paraffin-embedded human lung tissue using anti-BDNF antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-SJ12-09-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-67410-img0001.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody (SJ12-09) [NBP2-67410] - Analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse brain tissue using anti-BDNF antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-SJ12-09-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-67410-img0002.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: BDNF Antibody (SJ12-09) [NBP2-67410] - Analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse heart tissue using anti-BDNF antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/BDNF-Antibody-SJ12-09-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-67410-img0003.jpg)