Cancer immunotherapies exploit subtly different molecules, such as proteins and carbohydrates, on the cell surface of tumor cells, which can be detected by the immune system. Immunotherapy activates the immune system by detecting these molecular antigens and targeting the tumor cells. Immune checkpoint ligands, such as PD-L1, are often times upregulated in tumor cells and using immune checkpoint proteins has become a method to target cancer treatment. Further, targeting immune-checkpoint proteins is another important area of focus as these proteins are often times dysregulated by tumors.
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