Antibody catalog

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a eukaryotic cell process that addresses ER stress. UPR is initiated by three ER-localized sensors: PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1 alpha). UPR-downstream signaling is modulated by the ATF6 and IRE1-XBP1 pathways.

Autophagy, a protein degradation process through autophagosome-lysosomal pathway, is important for cellular homeostasis and plays a role in many diseases. To help researchers learn more about this process and the products available for its study, Novus Biologicals has released a new Autophagy catalog.

Western blotting (or immunoblotting) is a widely used procedure to detect specific proteins in tissues and cell extracts and the Blue Marker Antibody can help make it easier and more accurate to size proteins of interest.  The Blue Marker Antibody (6F4-F6) is a unique monoclonal antibody that binds to and recognizes prestained blue dye molecular weight standards from different vendors.

Carbonic anhydrase IX is a member of the carbonic anhydrase family. This family consists of catalytic enzymes capable of converting carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. This family of molecules is abundantly expressed in all mammalian tissues and helps to govern the pH in normal tissues. CAIX is very stable and found in the membrane. It is also one of the most hypoxically-inducible genes, thus establishing its application as a reliable and consistent hypoxia histochemical marker.

The ABCA1 molecule is a primary gatekeeper for regulating the intracellular transport of cholesterol. It belongs to a larger related multifamily of cAMP-dependent anion transporter cell membrane molecules. These key proteins are responsible for trafficking the reverse efflux of cholesterol from cells into peripheral tissues using the apolipoprotein A-1 (apo) carrier. In particular, the ABCA1 molecule exhibits a diverse expression profile and is found most highly expressed in macrophages.

53BP1 (p53 binding protein 1) was originally thought to be an enhancer for p53 transcriptional, but later studies have demonstrated that it is actually a substrate for ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). 53BP1 is a classic late DNA damage response (DDR) marker that is present during the cell cycle phases of telophase and cytokinesis (within mitotic mammalian cells).

FOXO1 belongs to the very large Forkhead family of transcription factors which contain a conserved distinct DNA-binding domain known as the Forkhead Box, or FOX. The Forkhead domain is a 100 amino acid long motif capable of binding and bending DNA, and is also known as a “winged helix”. Forkhead family members are involved in a very diverse and wide range of physiological processes from cell cycle, apoptosis, and oxidative-stress resistance. The “O” class of proteins in particular are all regulated by the insulin/PI3K/AKT pathway.

Hemostasis, or blood clotting, follows tissue injury and involves the deployment of essential plasma procoagulants (such as prothrombin, and Factors X, IX, V, and VIII) that trigger the blood coagulation cascade. This cascade leads to the formation of insoluble fibrin clots and the promotion of platelet aggregation. Defects in Factor VIII and the coagulation cascade result in hemophilia A, a common recessive X-linked coagulation disorder. This disease is characterized by uncontrolled bleeding into joints, muscles, and soft tissues.

The protein P2Y2 is a G-protein coupled metabotropic receptor that belongs to a larger family consisting of several receptor subtypes that each has a different pharmacological selectivity for various adenosine and uridine nucleotides. (This selectivity overlaps in some cases).