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The mammalian forkhead O class transcription factors (FOXO) regulate diverse cellular processes such as metabolism, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Activity of these transcription factors can be regulated by diverse post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination (1). These modifications can alter nuclear transport, DNA binding, and protein-protein interactions to alter transcriptional activity. The best studied member of the FOXO family is FOXO1.

CD90 is a 25-35kD glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein receptor of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. It is found on murine T-cells, thymocytes, neuronal cells, granulocytic lineage-derived cells, hematopoietic stem cells, fibroblasts, neurons, and Kupffer's cells. CD90 is often used as a marker for a variety of stem cells and mature neuronal axon processes.  CD90 appears to play a role in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and adhesion during synaptogenesis, nerve regeneration, apoptosis and necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and metastasis.

TNF alpha is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor superfamily. It is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes: cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF alpha has been implicated in a variety of autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis), insulin resistance, septic shock, and tumor metastases related to cancer.

MUL1 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase with a RING finger domain that controls mitochondrial morphology, fragmentation and localization. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept the component ubiquitin from a donor E2 ubiquitin-conjugating directly transfer this ubiquitin to designated targeted substrates. The largest, proteome-wide and site-specific quantitative mapping dataset assessment of endogenous putative ubiquitylation sites and regulation was executed by Wagner’s group in Denmark¹.

Adiponectin is an adipocytokine protein that positively regulates metabolism of lipids and glucose by suppressing glucose production from the liver, stimulating insulin sensitivity, and increasing the rate of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. Insulin resistance, obesity and dyslipidemia (abnormal blood lipid levels) are all linked to Adiponectin deficiency. The Adiponectin antibody is also used in Type 2 Diabetes research.

C-Myc is a widely expressed transcription factor, regulating cellular differentiation, proliferation, cell cycle progression and pro-apoptotic gene expression. The c-Myc antibody is widely used in cancer research, as a number of human tumors have been attributed to altered c-Myc expression.