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Interleukin-12, or IL-12, also known as natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF) and cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor (CLMF), is a pleiotropic cytokine that affects both natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes. IL-12 is a heterodimer of subunit IL-12A p35 and subunit IL-12B p40 that is secreted by a wide variety of antigen presenting cells (APCs), including phagocytes, B cells and Langerhans cells. It is involved in mediating many aspects of antiviral immunity. In addition to stimulating T helper cell development, IL-12 is a potent inducer of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by T cells and NK cells. Increased IL-12 production is a consequence of EBV, CMV, LCMV or HSV infection. While it is unclear what separate effects can be attributed to each IL-12 subunit, evidence suggests IL-12A p35 is the biologically active component responsible for signal transduction via the IL-12 receptor.