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Members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, including GDNF and neurturin (NTN), play key roles in the control of vertebrate neuronal survival and differentiation. A new member of the GDNF family was recently identified and designated persephin. Physiological responses to these neurotrophic factors require two receptor subunits, the novel glycosylphosphatidylinositol linked protein GFRalpha and Ret receptor tyrosine kinase GFRbeta. Following the identification of GFRalpha-1 and 2, another receptor in the GFR family was identified in human and mouse and designated GFRalpha-3. GFRalpha-3 binds persephin. Thus, persephin, GFRalpha-3, and Ret PTK form a complex to transmit the persephin signal and to mediate persephin function.