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In the synthesis pathway for the catecholamines - dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme. Through alternative mRNA splicing, a wide molecular diversity of TH isoforms are generated that are tissue-specific and carry varied enzymatic activities, allowing for differential neurotransmitter availability at various synapses.

LAMP2 belongs to the family of membrane glycoproteins who confer selectins with carbohydrate ligands. LAMP2 has been implicated in tumor cell metastasis, as well as overall protection, maintenance, and adhesion of the lysosome. It appears that LAMP2 may protect the lysosomal membrane from autophagy, as well as maintain the required acidic environment necessary for proper function.  LAMP2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein that shuttles between endosomes, lysosomes, and the plasma membrane.

CD45, also known as T200 or the Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA), is encoded by the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor type C (PTPRC) gene. The protein is expressed exclusively on cells of the haematopoietic system, and is one of the most abundant leukocyte cell surface glycoproteins (1). Different isoforms of CD45 are found on specific lymphocyte sub-populations, and are generated by alternative splicing. (2). At least four variants of the human protein can be distinguished by electrophoresis, with molecular weights ranging from 180-220kDa (3).

TRPM8 is a transmembrane homo-tetramer ion channel that is activated by cold temperatures, cooling agents, and menthol stimuli. It belongs to a subgroup within the larger family of TRP cation channels (including the TRPV1 capsaicin receptor) that are named after the melastatin protein. These proteins are also known chanzymes due to their C-terminus enzyme domains. TRPM8 contains a voltage sensor as well as a binding domain for channel agonists such as menthol and icilin.

Melanoma is caused by DNA damage to melanin producing cells. Common warning signs of melanoma are changes in color, size, and shape of skin/moles, new growth areas on the skin, and sores that do not heal. Protection from sun exposure and ultraviolet rays as well as regularly examining changes to skin are important for prevention.

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The protein encoded by SNF5 is a component of the chromatin-remodeling protein complex responsible for relieving repressive chromatin structures by allowing the transcriptional machinery to access targets more effectively. SNF5 has been found to be a tumor suppressor, and mutations within it are associated with some malignant tumors. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms exist. Scurr’s group published interesting findings on effector proteins in senescence in Cell¹.

p73 has been identified as a long-lost cousin of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. It has high homology with both p53 and with p63, a gene implicated in the maintenance of epithelial stem cells. The presence of significant homology between the DNA-binding domains of p53, p63, and p73 suggest that they have overlapping functions. Targeted disruption of p73 leads to defects hippocampal dysgenesis, hydrocephalus, chronic inflammation, and infections.

The OS9 protein is a lectin/glycoprotein that maintains endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control and ER-associated degradation (the so-called ERAD pathway) of newly synthesized proteins. It is essential for the recognition of terminally misfolded non-glycosylated proteins and improperly folded glycoproteins, and binds to them to allow first their retention in the ER, and then second, subsequent transfer to the degradation machinery. The cation-selective channel TRPV4 is OS9's major target.

Caspase 6, also known as Apoptotic protease Mch-2, belongs to the peptidase C14A family. It functions as a downstream enzyme in the caspase activation cascade and is responsible for the execution of apoptosis. Its overexpression promotes programmed cell death.

Diseases associated with CASP6 include thoracic cancer and myocardial infarction.  Among its related super-pathways are DR3 Signaling and Apoptosis and the survival FAS signaling cascade.

The survivin anti-apoptotic protein is the smallest member of a large family of proteins such as X-linked IAP, c-IAP1 and 2, IAP-like protein-2, melanoma IAP, Livin, and NAIP. Survivin regulates basic physiological events such as the cell cycle, tumor progression, fetal development, and cell migration.