Antibodies

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important signaling proteins needed to transmit and relay extracellular stimuli and to illicit intracellular responses (1). The MAPK family of proteins are serine/threonine kinases that are able to phosphorylate and activate downstream kinases in a signal cascade that regulates diverse cell responses such as gene expression, metabolism, apoptosis, and differentiation (1). Notable members of the MAPK family include ERK, JNK, and p38 (1).

Histones make up the main protein component of chromatin and are responsible for storing and organizing the genome in a compact yet accessible manner. In addition to storage, histones play an important role in the regulation of various cellular processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and mitosis by regulating the accessibility of DNA to various DNA-binding proteins. Simply put, chromatin exists in “open” and “closed” states.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a well-known housekeeping gene with functions in glycolysis. Many biologists are familiar with the gene and use GAPDH antibodies for a loading control when performing western blots. However, this primarily cytoplasmic protein is an essential metabolic regulator and has been shown to be involved in a variety of cellular processes like DNA repair, membrane fusion, and cell death (1).

Histones are nuclear proteins essential for the storage and organization of genomic DNA as chromatin. Chromatin consists of DNA wrapped tightly around histone oligomers to form nucleosomes. In addition to compacting the genome, histones also regulate the accessibility of the DNA to the transcription and replication machinery to influence gene expression and mitosis.

Myc is a basic helix-loop-helix zipper transcription factor that regulates a network of many hundreds of genes. Myc up-regulates the expression of many genes involved in cell growth and proliferation such as ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis (1). While many Myc induced genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, tRNA and rRNA genes are also Myc targets (1). Myc is also responsible for repressing genes involved in cell-cycle arrest and cell adhesion.

Histones are the main protein component of chromatin and are essential for the storage and compaction of the genome. DNA wraps around histone oligomers to make up nucleosomes, the individual subunits of chromatin. By altering the accessibility of the genome, chromatin structure is important for regulating various cellular processes including replication, transcription, and DNA repair. Typically chromatin structure is influenced by post-translational modification of histone proteins at lysine and arginine residues.

Histones, the main protein component of chromatin, are essential for storing and organizing the genome in a compact yet accessible manner. DNA wraps tightly around histone oligomers to form nucleosomes which can store unused portions of DNA and regulate accessibility to the replication or transcription machinery. By affecting chromatin structure histones and their modifying enzymes make up a complex network with important regulatory roles in DNA replication, mitosis, and gene expression.

Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), also known as NKX2.1, is a conserved master regulatory transcription factor involved in the development of the lung, brain, and thyroid (1). In the lung TTF-1 positively regulates the expression of several lung-specific proteins including thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase, and surfactant proteins A, B, and C (1).

The inflammasome is a multi protein complex that is an important component of the innate immune response. The inflammasome is able to sense and respond to pathogen infections by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and mediating the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Of the various types of inflammasomes, NLRP3/NALP3 is unique because of the diverse range of microbes it is able to detect (1).

AKT1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase with homology to protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). AKT1 contains the central kinase domain sandwiched between a pleckstrin homology domain and a regulatory domain (1). AKT1 is regulated by receptor tyrosine kinase pathways and is activated in a PI3K-dependent manner following growth factor stimulation (1).