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Recently, a number of cytokines belonging to the interleukin (IL)-17 family have been identified. These are IL-17B, IL-17C, and IL-17E. Like IL-17, IL-17B, C, and E are able to induce proinflammatory responses but don't bind to the IL-17 receptor suggesting additional IL-17R related receptors might exist. IL-17E induces activation of NF-kB pathway and like IL-17 also induces production of IL-8. IL-17Rh1 mRNA is highly expressed in kidney and liver and at moderate level in small intestine, colon, and brain.