Alzheimer's

CD45, also known as protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C (PTPRC), was originally known as common leukocyte antigen and is a signal transducer involved in many physiological processes such as growth and differentiation, cancer transformation, and the cell cycle. It is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates Src kinases in T- and B-cell receptor signal transduction (1).

Synaptophysin a Marker Protein in Neuroendocrine Cells Synaptophysin is a major integral membrane glycoprotein of neuronal synaptic vesicles present in virtually all synapses and shows a high degree of evolutionary conservation across the mammals. Synaptophysin has been detected in numerous endocrine cell types and is localized in the membrane of small synaptic-like vesicles.

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a class III intermediate filament (IF) protein and is used as a marker to distinguish astrocytes from other glial cells during development.

A major histopathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of amyloid deposits in the parenchyma of the amygdala, hippocampus, and neocortex. The principal component of amyloid is beta amyloid (AB). The pathologic accumulation of AB in plaques is postulated to result from an imbalance between production and clearance during aging.

Amyloid beta (AB) peptide has a central role in the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Immunization of AD transgenic mice with AB_-42 peptide reduces both the spatial memory impairments and AD-like neuropathologic changes.

Phosphoserine, the phosphorylated modification of the amino acid serine, is a central post-translational modification within a cell for many biological and biomedical processes. The phosphorylation of specifically four residue types - histidine, serine, threonine, and tyrosine occurs both within the cell as well as at the cell surface. This exquisitely controlled regulatory system controls a vast number of intertwined and interconnected downstream signaling pathways and cascades.

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is one of the major intermediate filament axonal proteins found in mature astrocytes, the star-shaped glial cells that comprise the majority of cells within the central nervous system (1).

 Synaptophysin (a presynaptic vesicle protein) is an integral membrane glycoprotein originally isolated from presynaptic vesicles of bovine neurons. Synaptophysin is found in all nerve terminals and synaptophysin measurements have been used to quantify the number of terminals present during neuroanatomical remodeling and neural development (1).

Phosphoserine is an ester of serine and phosphoric acid which results from posttranslational modifications. Phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification necessary for normal cellular signaling.

Apolipoprotein E also known as ApoE is a 36kDa protein that is expressed in all lipoprotein fractions in plasma. This protein is produced in high quantities in the liver, brain, spleen, lung and kidney. The function of APOE is to mediate the binding, internalize and catabolize lipoprotein particles. A study carried out by researchers at the Case Western Reserve University in Ohio has recently been highlighted in the BBC Health News.