Antibodies

The low density lipoprotein receptor coordinates the metabolism of cholesterol, an essential component of the mammalian cell plasma membranes. Study of this carefully balanced system has led to an enhanced understanding of cholesterol homeostasis at the cellular level. Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) is an important mechanism of metabolic regulation.

Sodium Potassium ATPase alpha 1 (ATP1A1) belongs to the P-type ATPase family and is the catalytic component of the active enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with exchange of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+ ) ions across cellular plasma membranes. This creation of an electrochemical gradient comprised of Na+ and K+ ions provides the energy for nutrient active transport.

Human IgG is a component of the immune system that protects the body from infection. It is the most abundantly found antibody isotype within the circulatory system of the human body. All antibody isotypes contain two heavy chains and two light chains that are arranged in a Y-shape.

Carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) is a transcription factor involved in activating genes that encode enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis in liver and adipose. It is believed to be a key controller of hepatic lipogenesis and has a partner MLX. One study used ChREBP antibodies to better understand the mechanisms of ChREBP transcription via promoter binding studies (1).

Prolyl-hydroxylase Domain Containing Protein 2 (PHD2) is one of four hydroxylase enzymes that function as oxygen sensors. They are responsible for the post-translational modification of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), a component of the transcriptional complex involved in oxygen homeostasis.

Fibronectin is a glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) that binds to integrins and other components of the ECM such as collagen and fibrin. Under normal physiological conditions, fibronectin is an important factor in cell adhesion, growth, differentiation, and migration.

Histones are highly conserved proteins that function in the organization of nuclear DNA to create chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Post-translational alterations of histones are critical to monitoring and regulating DNA structure, expression, and gene transcription.

The TARDBP gene codes for a transcriptional repressor protein known as TDP-43. The protein encoded by the TARDBP gene binds TAR DNA and functions to regulate translation. TDP-43 can also bind RNA which leads to transcriptional repression and the formation of splice variants encoding alternate forms of proteins. Additionally, the TARDBP gene plays an important role in mRNA transport.

Adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP; also known as ADRP or adipophilin), is a lipid droplet protein found in most cells and tissues. These lipids droplets may serve as local energy reserves or sources of lipid for membrane synthesis. Furthermore, they may protect cells from the harmful effects of excess lipid accumulation by sequestering toxic lipid species away from pathways leading to cell death (1). ADFP expression is strongly induced in cells with increased lipid load.

TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily vanilloid member type 1) is a polymodal nociceptor that is commonly expressed in peripheral nerve endings and dorsal root ganglia. It is activated by heat, low pH, vanilloids, capsaicin, and other noxious stimuli and is involved in the transmission and modulation of pain. Not surprisingly, TRPV1 is directly related to hyperalgesia—increased sensitivity to pain—as hyperalgesia is significantly reduced when TRPV1 is genetically eliminated or pharmacologically blocked.