| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azide and BSA Free | NBP2-93183-0.02ml | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azide and BSA Free | NBP3-00357-50ul | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azide and BSA Free | NBP3-03887-20ul | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BSA Free | NBP1-83063-25ul | |||
| Formulation | Catalog # | Availability | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azide and BSA Free | NBP3-00356-50ul | |||
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-33498] - Knockout/KnockdownWild-type (WT) and PSME3 knockout (KO) 293T cell extracts (30 ug) were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with PSME3 antibody diluted at 1:2000. The HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (NBP2-19301) was used to detect the primary antibody.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-33498-img0018.jpg "<b>Genetic Strategies Validation. </b>Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-33498] - Knockout/KnockdownWild-type (WT) and PSME3 knockout (KO) 293T cell extracts (30 ug) were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with PSME3 antibody diluted at 1:2000. The HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (NBP2-19301) was used to detect the primary antibody.")
![<b>Genetic Strategies Validation. </b>Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-33498] - Sample (30 ug of whole cell lysate) A: A549 B: H1299 C: HCT116 D: MCF-7 12% SDS PAGE, antibody diluted at 1:2000.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-33498-img0015.jpg)
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-33498] - Paraformaldehyde-fixed HeLa, using antibody at 1:500 dilution.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NBP1-33498-img0009.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-33498] - Mouse cervix. PSME3 antibody diluted at 1:500. Antigen Retrieval: Citrate buffer, pH 6.0, 15 min.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-33498-img0016.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-33498] - Sample (30 ug of whole cell lysate) A: NIH-3T3 B: JC C: BCL-1 12% SDS PAGE, antibody diluted at 1:2000.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-33498-img0013.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-33498] - Sample (30 ug of whole cell lysate) A: PC-12 12% SDS PAGE, antibody diluted at 1:2000.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-33498-img0014.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-33498] - CA922 xenograft, using PSME3 antibody at 1:100 dilution. Antigen Retrieval: Citrate buffer, pH 6.0, 15 min.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-33498-img0010.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody - Azide and BSA Free [NBP2-93183] - Western blot analysis of various lysates using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Rabbit pAb at 1:3000 dilution. Secondary antibody: HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:10000 dilution. Lysates / proteins: 25 ug per lane. Blocking buffer: 3 % nonfat dry milk in TBST. Detection: ECL Basic Kit. Exposure time: 30s.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp2-93183_rabbit-polyclonal-pa28-activator-gamma-subunit-psme3-antibody-4220251430451.jpg "Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody - Azide and BSA Free [NBP2-93183] - Western blot analysis of various lysates using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Rabbit pAb at 1:3000 dilution. Secondary antibody: HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:10000 dilution. Lysates / proteins: 25 ug per lane. Blocking buffer: 3 % nonfat dry milk in TBST. Detection: ECL Basic Kit. Exposure time: 30s.")
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP2-93183] - Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded rat kidney using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Rabbit pAb (NBP2-93183) at dilution of 1:100 (40x lens). Perform microwave antigen retrieval with 10 mM PBS buffer pH 7.2 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-93183-img0007.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP2-93183] - Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded human breast cancer using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Rabbit pAb (NBP2-93183) at dilution of 1:100 (40x lens). Perform microwave antigen retrieval with 10 mM PBS buffer pH 7.2 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-93183-img0005.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP2-93183] - Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded mouse lung using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Rabbit pAb (NBP2-93183) at dilution of 1:100 (40x lens). Perform microwave antigen retrieval with 10 mM PBS buffer pH 7.2 before commencing with IHC staining protocol.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP2-93183-img0006.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-00357] - Anti-PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 rabbit polyclonal antibody at 1:500 dilution. Lane A: Jurkat Whole Cell Lysate Lane B: HepG2 Whole Cell Lysate Lysates/proteins at 30 ug per lane. Secondary Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)/HRP at 1/10000 dilution. Developed using the ECL technique. Performed under reducing conditions. Predicted band size: 29 kDa. Observed band size: 30 kDa](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP3-00357-img0007.jpg "Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-00357] - Anti-PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 rabbit polyclonal antibody at 1:500 dilution. Lane A: Jurkat Whole Cell Lysate Lane B: HepG2 Whole Cell Lysate Lysates/proteins at 30 ug per lane. Secondary Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)/HRP at 1/10000 dilution. Developed using the ECL technique. Performed under reducing conditions. Predicted band size: 29 kDa. Observed band size: 30 kDa")
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-00357] - Immunofluorescence staining of PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 in HeLa cells. Cells were fixed with 4% PFA, permeabilzed with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS, blocked with 10% serum, and incubated with rabbit anti-human PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 polyclonal antibody (dilution ratio 1:300) at 4C overnight. Then cells were stained with the Alexa Fluor$488-conjugated Goat Anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (green). Positive staining was localized to nucleus.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NBP3-00357-img0002.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-00357] - Immunochemical staining of human PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 in human colon carcinoma with rabbit polyclonal antibody at 1:10000 dilution, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP3-00357-img0005.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-00357] - Immunochemical staining of human PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 in human breast carcinoma with rabbit polyclonal antibody at 1:10000 dilution, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP3-00357-img0004.jpg)
![Immunoprecipitation: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-00357] - PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 was immunoprecipitated using: Lane A: 0.5 mg Jurkat Whole Cell Lysate Lane B: 0.5 mg A-431 Whole Cell Lysate Lane C: 0.5 mg MCF7 Whole Cell Lysate Lane D: 0.5 mg HepG2 Whole Cell Lysate 4ul anti-PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 rabbit polyclonal antibody and 60 ug of Immunomagnetic beads Protein A/G. Primary antibody: Anti-PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 rabbit polyclonal antibody, at 1:100 dilution. Secondary antibody: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)/HRP at 1/10000 dilution. Developed using the ECL technique. Performed under reducing conditions. Predicted band size: 29 kDa. Observed band size: 34 kDa](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunoprecipitation-NBP3-00357-img0006.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-54587] - Titration: 1 ug/ml Positive Control: HepG2 cell lysate.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-54587-img0005.jpg "Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-54587] - Titration: 1 ug/ml Positive Control: HepG2 cell lysate.")
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-54587] - Human kidney Tissue, antibody concentration 4-8ug/ml. Cells with positive label: renal corpuscle cells (indicated with arrows) 400X magnification.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-54587-img0006.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-54587] - HepG2 tissue lysate at a concentration of 0.25ug/ml.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-54587-img0001.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-54587] - Human Tonsil Tissue, 4-8ug/ml.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-54587-img0004.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-03887] - Analysis of extracts from normal (control) and PSME3 knockout (KO) 293T cells, using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 antibody at 1:3000 dilution. Secondary antibody: HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:10000 dilution. Lysates/proteins: 25ug per lane. Blocking buffer: 3% nonfat dry milk in TBST.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Knockout-Validated-NBP3-03887-img0001.jpg "<b>Genetic Strategies Validation. </b>Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-03887] - Analysis of extracts from normal (control) and PSME3 knockout (KO) 293T cells, using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 antibody at 1:3000 dilution. Secondary antibody: HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:10000 dilution. Lysates/proteins: 25ug per lane. Blocking buffer: 3% nonfat dry milk in TBST.")
![<b>Genetic Strategies Validation. </b>Immunohistochemistry: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody - Azide and BSA Free [PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3] - Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded Mouse lung using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Rabbit pAb at dilution of 1:100 (40x lens). Microwave antigen retrieval performed with 0.01M PBS Buffer (pH 7.2) prior to IHC staining.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp3-03887_rabbit-polyclonal-pa28-activator-gamma-subunit-psme3-antibody-52202516334155.jpg)
![Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody - Azide and BSA Free [PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3] - Immunofluorescence analysis of NIH-3T3 cells using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Rabbit pAb at dilution of 1:100 (40x lens). Secondary antibody: Cy3-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:500 dilution. Blue: DAPI for nuclear staining.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp3-03887_rabbit-polyclonal-pa28-activator-gamma-subunit-psme3-antibody-52202516345293.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody - Azide and BSA Free [PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3] - Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded Rat kidney using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Rabbit pAb at dilution of 1:100 (40x lens). Microwave antigen retrieval performed with 0.01M PBS Buffer (pH 7.2) prior to IHC staining.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp3-03887_rabbit-polyclonal-pa28-activator-gamma-subunit-psme3-antibody-5220251639643.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody - Azide and BSA Free [PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3] - Western blot analysis of various lysates using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Rabbit pAb at 1:3000 dilution.Secondary antibody: HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:10000 dilution.Lysates/proteins: 25ug per lane.Blocking buffer: 3% nonfat dry milk in TBST.Detection: ECL Basic Kit .Exposure time: 30s.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp3-03887_rabbit-polyclonal-pa28-activator-gamma-subunit-psme3-antibody-5220251628079.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody - Azide and BSA Free [PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3] - Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded Human esophageal using PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Rabbit pAb at dilution of 1:100 (40x lens). Microwave antigen retrieval performed with 0.01M PBS Buffer (pH 7.2) prior to IHC staining.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp3-03887_rabbit-polyclonal-pa28-activator-gamma-subunit-psme3-antibody-5220251636386.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-83063] - Lane 1: NIH-3T3 cell lysate (Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells). Lane 2: NBT-II cell lysate (Rat Wistar bladder tumor cells).](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-83063-img0003.jpg "Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-83063] - Lane 1: NIH-3T3 cell lysate (Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells). Lane 2: NBT-II cell lysate (Rat Wistar bladder tumor cells).")
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-83063] - Immunofluorescent staining of human cell line U-2 OS shows localization to nucleoplasm.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NBP1-83063-img0007.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-83063] - Staining of human esophagus shows strong nuclear positivity in squamous epithelial cells.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NBP1-83063-img0006.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP1-83063] - Lane 1: Marker [kDa] 230, 130, 95, 72, 56, 36, 28, 17, 11. Lane 2: Human cell line RT-4. Lane 3: Human cell line U-251MG sp](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP1-83063-img0005.jpg)
![Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-00356] - Anti-PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 rabbit polyclonal antibody at 1:500 dilution. Lane A: K562 Whole Cell Lysate. Lysates/proteins at 30 ug per lane. Secondary Goat Anti- Rabbit IgG H&L (Dylight 800) at 1/10000 dilution. Developed using the Odyssey technique. Performed under reducing conditions. Predicted band size: 29 kDa. Observed band size: 34 kDa](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Western-Blot-NBP3-00356-img0005.jpg "Western Blot: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-00356] - Anti-PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 rabbit polyclonal antibody at 1:500 dilution. Lane A: K562 Whole Cell Lysate. Lysates/proteins at 30 ug per lane. Secondary Goat Anti- Rabbit IgG H&L (Dylight 800) at 1/10000 dilution. Developed using the Odyssey technique. Performed under reducing conditions. Predicted band size: 29 kDa. Observed band size: 34 kDa")
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-00356] - Immunofluorescence staining of PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 in HeLa cells. Cells were fixed with 4% PFA, permeabilzed with 0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS, blocked with 10% serum, and incubated with rabbit anti-human PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 polyclonal antibody (dilution ratio 1:1000) at 4C overnight. Then cells were stained with the Alexa Fluor(R)488-conjugated Goat Anti-rabbit IgG Secondary antibody (green) and counterstained with DAPI (blue). Positive staining was localized to nucleus.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NBP3-00356-img0001.jpg)
![Immunoprecipitation: PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 Antibody [NBP3-00356] - PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 was immunoprecipitated using: Lane A: 0.5 mg MCF-7 Whole Cell Lysate. Lane B: 0.5 mg HepG2 Whole Cell Lysate. Lane C: 0.5 mg Jurkat Whole Cell Lysate. 4 ul anti-PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 rabbit polyclonal antibody and 15 ul of 50 % Protein G agarose. Primary antibody: Anti-PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 rabbit polyclonal antibody, at 1:100 dilution. Secondary antibody: Dylight 800-labeled antibody to rabbit IgG (H+L), at 1:5000 dilution. Developed using the Odyssey technique. Performed under reducing conditions. Predicted band size: 29 kDa. Observed band size: 33 kDa](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PA28-Activator-gamma-Subunit-PSME3-Antibody-Immunoprecipitation-NBP3-00356-img0004.jpg)
![Western Blot: PSME3 Overexpression Lysate (Adult Normal) [NBP2-05019] Left-Empty vector transfected control cell lysate (HEK293 cell lysate); Right -Over-expression Lysate for PSME3.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PSME3-Overexpression-Lysate-Adult-Normal-Western-Blot-NBP2-05019-img0001.jpg "Western Blot: PSME3 Overexpression Lysate (Adult Normal) [NBP2-05019] Left-Empty vector transfected control cell lysate (HEK293 cell lysate); Right -Over-expression Lysate for PSME3.")
![Western Blot: PSME3 Overexpression Lysate (Adult Normal) [NBL1-14909] Left-Empty vector transfected control cell lysate (HEK293 cell lysate); Right -Over-expression Lysate for PSME3.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/PSME3-Overexpression-Lysate-Adult-Normal-Western-Blot-NBL1-14909-img0002.jpg "Western Blot: PSME3 Overexpression Lysate (Adult Normal) [NBL1-14909] Left-Empty vector transfected control cell lysate (HEK293 cell lysate); Right -Over-expression Lysate for PSME3.")
![ELISA: Human PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 - Ready-To-Use ELISA Kit (Colorimetric) [NBP3-39018] - Standard Curve Reference](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp3-39018_human-pa28-activator-gamma-subunit-psme3-r-t-u-elisa-kit-211020241533492.png "ELISA: Human PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 - Ready-To-Use ELISA Kit (Colorimetric) [NBP3-39018] - Standard Curve Reference")
![ELISA: Human PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 ELISA Kit (Colorimetric) [NBP3-39017] - Standard Curve Reference](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nbp3-39017_human-pa28-activator-gamma-subunit-psme3-elisa-kit-color-2110202415305293.png "ELISA: Human PA28 Activator gamma Subunit/PSME3 ELISA Kit (Colorimetric) [NBP3-39017] - Standard Curve Reference")