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The Ryanodine Receptor (RyR) is the channel responsible for the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in muscle cells and also plays a role in calcium regulation in non-muscle cells. The RyR exists as a homotetramer and is predicted to have a short cytoplasmic C-terminus and 4-10 transmembrane domains; the remainder of the protein, termed the "foot" region is located in the cytoplasm between the T-tubule and the SR. The mammalian RyR is the product of three different genes: RyR 1, which is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle and areas of the brain, RyR 2, which is expressed predominantly in the heart muscle but also found in the stomach, endothelial cells and diffuse areas of the brain, and RyR-3 which is found in smooth muscle and the brain (striatum, thalamus and hippocampus).
