Recombinant Human Activin AC Heterodimer Protein, CF

• Reactivity: Hu
• Applications: Binding Activity
• Format: Carrier-Free

Recombinant Human Activin AC Heterodimer Protein, CF Summary

• Details of Functionality: Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. In a 100 µL reaction mixture containing rhActivin AC at 2 nM and rhActivin RIIB/Fc Chimera dilutions at 0.02-41 nM, the concentration of rhActivin RIIB/Fc Chimera (Catalog # 339-RBB) that produces 50% of the optimal binding response is found to be approximately 0.8-4 nM.
• Source: Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line, CHO-derived human Activin AC protein

  Human Activin beta A (Gly311 - Ser426) Accession # NP_002183

  Human Activin beta C (Gly237 - Ser352) Accession # NP_005529

  N-terminus

  C-terminus

• Accession #: NP_002183 ( beta A) & NP_005529 ( beta C)
• N-terminal Sequence: Gly311 ( beta A subunit) & Gly237 ( beta C subunit)
• Structure / Form: Disulfide-linked heterodimer
• Protein/Peptide Type: Recombinant Proteins
• Purity: >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain
• Endotoxin Note: <0.01 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Binding Activity
• Theoretical MW: 12.9 kDa ( beta A subunit), 12.5 kDa ( beta C subunit).
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.
• SDS-PAGE: 23 kDa, reducing conditions

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 degreesC as supplied. 1 month, 2 to 8 degreesC under sterile conditions after reconstitution. 3 months, -20 to -70 degreesC under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in HCl.
• Purity: >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCI.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Recombinant Human Activin AC Heterodimer Protein, CF

• Activin AC

Background

Activins and inhibins are TGF-beta superfamily proteins that regulate a wide range of processes including mesoderm induction, reproductive system development and function, liver growth and regeneration, wound healing, and inflammation. Activins and inhibins share a variety of beta subunits, while inhibins also possess a unique alpha subunit. There are four human inhibin beta subunits ( beta A beta B beta C and beta E ) and a single inhibin alpha subunit, each of which adopts a cysteine-knot structure (1 - 5). Activin AC is a 23 kDa heterodimer of beta A and beta C subunits (6). Human beta A consists of a 20 amino acid (aa) signal sequence, a 290 aa propeptide, and a 116 aa mature segment, while beta C consists of an 18 aa signal sequence, a 218 aa propeptide, and a 116 aa mature segment (8, 9). The subunit beta propeptides are required for subunit folding, dimerization, and secretion (10). Mature human beta A shares 64%, 51%, and 44% aa sequence identity with human beta B beta C and beta E respectively. Sequence identity between human, mouse, and rat is 100% for mature beta A and 91% - 93% for mature beta C . The beta A and beta C subunits are both expressed in the liver, pituitary, ovary, testis, and adrenal gland (1, 6, 11). The beta C subunit may dimerize with beta A beta B or the inhibin alpha subunit (6, 7). Overexpression of beta C results in increased production of Activin AC as well as a reduction in beta A expression and activin induced signaling (12, 13). The beta C subunit modulates activin induced effects in a variety of systems by forming intracellular dimers with the beta A subunit and impeding the release of Activins A, AB, and B (2, 12). Activins signal through heterodimeric receptor complexes composed of type I (Activin RIA or RIB) and type II (Activin RIIA or RIIB) transmembrane Ser/Thr kinases.

1. Thompson, T.B. et al. (2004) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 225:9. 
2. Butler, C.M. et al. (2005) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16:377. 
3. Abe, Y. et al. (2004) Growth Factors 22:105. 
4. Vitt, U.A. et al. (2001) Mol. Endocrinol. 15:681. 
5. Werner, S. and C. Alzheimer (2006) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 17:157. 
6. Mellor S.L. et al. (2000) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:4851.  
7. Ushiro, Y. et. al. (2006) J. Reprod. Devel. 52:487.
8. Mason, A.J. et al. (1986) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 135:957.
9. Hötten, G. et al. (1995) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 206:608.
10. Gray, A.M. and A.J. Mason (1990) Science 247:1328.
11. Gold, E.J. et al. (2004) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 222:61.
12. Mellor, S.L. et al. (2003) Endocrinology 144:4410.
13. Wada, W. et al. (2004) Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 287:E247.

Publications for Activin AC (4879-AC/CF)(3)

Publications using 4879-AC/CF

• OE Olsen, H Hella, S Elsaadi, C Jacobi, E Martinez-H, T Holien Activins as Dual Specificity TGF-&amp;beta Family Molecules: SMAD-Activation via Activin- and BMP-Type 1 Receptors Biomolecules, 2020-03-29;10(4):. 2020-03-29 [PMID: 32235336] (Cell Culture, Human)
• E Latres, J Mastaitis, W Fury, L Miloscio, J Trejos, J Pangilinan, H Okamoto, K Cavino, E Na, A Papatheodo, T Willer, Y Bai, J Hae Kim, A Rafique, S Jaspers, T Stitt, AJ Murphy, GD Yancopoulo, J Gromada Activin A more prominently regulates muscle mass in primates than does GDF8 Nat Commun, 2017-04-28;8(0):15153. 2017-04-28 [PMID: 28452368] (Surface Plasmon Resonance, Human)
• Castonguay R, Werner ED, Matthews RG, Presman E, Mulivor AW, Solban N, Sako D, Pearsall RS, Underwood KW, Seehra J, Kumar R, Grinberg AV Soluble Endoglin Specifically Binds Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 9 and 10 via Its Orphan Domain, Inhibits Blood Vessel Formation, and Suppresses Tumor Growth. J. Biol. Chem., 2011-07-07;286(34):30034-46. 2011-07-07 [PMID: 21737454] (Surface Plasmon Resonance, Human, Mouse)

Bioinformatics

• Uniprot:
  • NP_002183 ( beta A) & NP_005529 ( beta C)()