Species: Hu, Mu, Rt
Applications: WB, ICC/IF, IHC
Description
Unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling is a mechanism used by eukaryotic cells to deal with endoplasmic reticulum/ER stress: an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen. It can be triggered by conditions such as high protein demand, viral infection, mutant protein expression, hypoxia, energy deprivation, or exposure to excessive oxidative stress. UPR executes three major functions: (i) blocking of protein translation for restoring homeostasis; (ii) positive regulation of protein folding related molecular chaperones; and (iii) up-regulation of signaling responsible for targeting mis-/un-folded proteins in ER for ubiquitination mediated degradation. Besides promoting survival, UPR can induce apoptosis and cause cell death, especially under ER-stress. A sustained over-activation of UPR is known to be involved in many human diseases including cancer, hyperglycemia, autoimmune conditions, hepatic disorders, retinopathies, acute lung injury and neuro-degeneration. This is why, a complete mechanistic understanding of UPR signaling is very critical for the evaluation of its biological effects in normal and/or disease conditions. UPR is regulated via three major effector proteins, namely inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), which are maintained in their inactive/membrane bound state through binding with glucose response protein 78 (GRP78/BiP). In UPR/ER stress experiments, the expression of major marker proteins such as IRE1-alpha, XBP1, GPR78, ATF6, and CHOP are often analyzed using various immunoassays. Modulation of individual marker proteins can provide an understanding of which signaling arm (i.e. IRE1 alpha, PERK, ATF6) of the UPR is being inhibited or activated. For example, an increase in phospho-IRE1 alpha (Ser724) and/or XBP1-S levels indicates the activation of IRE1 alpha mediated signaling. CHOP induction is an indication of ATF6 and PERK signaling activation, while the levels of GRP78 and ERp72 are more specific indicators of ATF6 activation. ER Stress/UPR Antibody Pack contains sample sizes of six antibodies against major UPR signaling markers - GRP78, pIRE1 alpha, total IRE1 alpha, XBP1, ATF6, and CHOP.
Bioinformatics
| Alternate Names |
- anti-Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD153 antibody
- ire1 alpha p Ser724
- phospho ire1 alpha
- phospho-ire1 alpha
- p-ire1 alpha
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