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Adenylate kinase (AK; adenosine triphosphate-adenosine monophosphate [ATP-AMP] phospho-transferase, EC 2.7.4.3) is a ubiquitous monomeric enzyme involved energy metabolism of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Three isozymes (AK1, AK2 and AK3) are characterized in vertebrates. AK1 is present in the cytosol of skeletal muscle, brain, and erythrocyte, while AK2 is localized in the intermembrane space of mitochondria of liver, kidney, spleen and heart. AK3, called GTP:AMP phosphotransferase, exists in the mitochondrial matrix of liver and heart. These isozymes contribute to homeostasis of the adenine nucleotide composition in the cell.
