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Glycosylation Bioinformatics

Glycosylation, one of the most common and diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs), impacts a wide variety of cellular mechanisms, including protein stability, activity and folding. Glycosylated proteins, also known as glycoproteins, are found ubiquitously in eukaryotic organisms. Protein glycosylation includes the covalent attachment of carbohydrate groups to amino acids, ranging from simple monosaccharides to complex polysaccharides. There are several different types of glycosylation, including N-linked glycosylation, O-linked glycosylation, C-linked glycosylation and glypiation. N-linked glycosylation, the most common glycosidic linkage, is named as such because the glycans are bound to nitrogen residues or asparagine residues. N-linked glycosylation often occurs co-translationally, meaning that the glycan is attached to the lysine residue as it is being translated and transported into the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). Unlike N-linked glycosylation, O-linked glycosylation does not occur co-translationally, but post-translationally on serine and threonine residues in the Golgi apparatus. C-linked glycosylation, often referred to as C-mannosylation, is a reaction that forms C-C bonds, instead of C-O or C-N bonds. Last but not least, glypiation is a covalent attachment of a GPI anchor which results in the recruitment of proteins to cell membranes.

Glycosylation Bioinformatics Tool

Laverne is a handy bioinformatics tool to help facilitate scientific exploration of related genes, diseases and pathways based on co-citations. Explore more on Glycosylation below! For more information on how to use Laverne, please read the How to Guide.
Vizit™, under license from BioVista Inc.

Top Research Reagents

We have 10805 products for the study of Glycosylation that can be applied to Flow Cytometry, Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot from our catalog of antibodies and ELISA kits.

C-Reactive Protein/CRP [HRP]
DCRP00B
N/A C-Reactive Protein/CRP [HRP]N/A C-Reactive Protein/CRP [HRP]


Species Human
Applications ELISA

137 Publications
NOD2 Antibody (2D9) - BSA Free
NB100-524
Western Blot: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - HCMV infection induces NOD2 mRNA and protein in HFFs and U373 cells. E. U373 glioma cells were infected with HCMV Towne strain and levels of NOD1, NOD2 and GAPDH mRNAs were measured by qRT-PCR at indicated time points. F. HFFs were infected with HCMV (Towne) at MOI of 1 PFU/cell and levels of NOD2 protein and B-actin were determined 48 and 72 hpi. G. HFFs were infected with HCMV (Towne) strain at MOI of 0.03 or 3 PFU/cell and levels of NOD2 protein and B-actin were determined at 48 hpi. Quantitative data represent mean values (+/-SD) of triplicate determinations from three independent experiments (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, one-way ANOVA test). Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092704.g001) licensed under a CC-BY license.Immunohistochemistry-Frozen: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - Overlay of NOD2-DyLight 488 (green) with phase contrast of murine colon. Image from verified customer review.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications WB, Flow, ICC/IF

     1 Review

25 Publications
NOD2 Antibody (2D9) - BSA Free
NB100-524
Western Blot: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - HCMV infection induces NOD2 mRNA and protein in HFFs and U373 cells. E. U373 glioma cells were infected with HCMV Towne strain and levels of NOD1, NOD2 and GAPDH mRNAs were measured by qRT-PCR at indicated time points. F. HFFs were infected with HCMV (Towne) at MOI of 1 PFU/cell and levels of NOD2 protein and B-actin were determined 48 and 72 hpi. G. HFFs were infected with HCMV (Towne) strain at MOI of 0.03 or 3 PFU/cell and levels of NOD2 protein and B-actin were determined at 48 hpi. Quantitative data represent mean values (+/-SD) of triplicate determinations from three independent experiments (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, one-way ANOVA test). Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092704.g001) licensed under a CC-BY license.Immunohistochemistry-Frozen: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - Overlay of NOD2-DyLight 488 (green) with phase contrast of murine colon. Image from verified customer review.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications WB, Flow, ICC/IF

     1 Review

25 Publications
MUC1 Antibody (SM3) - BSA Free
NB120-22711
Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: MUC-1 Antibody (SM3) [NB120-22711] - MCF7 cells were fixed for 10 minutes using 10% formalin and then permeabilized for 5 minutes using 1X PBS + 0.05% Triton-X100. The cells were incubated with anti-MUC1 [SM3] at 5 ug/ml overnight at 4C and detected with an anti-mouse IgG Dylight 488 (Green) at a 1:500 dilution. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Blue). Cells were imaged using a 40X objective.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: MUC-1 Antibody (SM3) [NB120-22711] - IHC analysis of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue section of human breast cancer xenograft using MUC-1 antibody clone SM3 at 1:10 dilution. The xenograft section depicted a very specific and intense signal in the periphery of the cancer cells. The necrotic cells also developed a strong immune-positivity while the tumor stroma as well as the nuclei of cells were negative for immunostaining.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications ELISA, Flow, ICC/IF

12 Publications
MUC1 Antibody (SM3) - BSA Free
NB120-22711
Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: MUC-1 Antibody (SM3) [NB120-22711] - MCF7 cells were fixed for 10 minutes using 10% formalin and then permeabilized for 5 minutes using 1X PBS + 0.05% Triton-X100. The cells were incubated with anti-MUC1 [SM3] at 5 ug/ml overnight at 4C and detected with an anti-mouse IgG Dylight 488 (Green) at a 1:500 dilution. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Blue). Cells were imaged using a 40X objective.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: MUC-1 Antibody (SM3) [NB120-22711] - IHC analysis of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue section of human breast cancer xenograft using MUC-1 antibody clone SM3 at 1:10 dilution. The xenograft section depicted a very specific and intense signal in the periphery of the cancer cells. The necrotic cells also developed a strong immune-positivity while the tumor stroma as well as the nuclei of cells were negative for immunostaining.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications ELISA, Flow, ICC/IF

12 Publications
NGLY1 Antibody
NBP1-83792
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: NGLY1 Antibody [NBP1-83792] - Staining of human kidney shows moderate to strong granular cytoplasmic positivity in cells in tubules.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: NGLY1 Antibody [NBP1-83792] - Staining of human lymph node shows moderate to strong granular cytoplasmic positivity in lymphoid cells.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications IHC, IHC-P

Fibronectin Antibody - BSA Free
NBP1-91258
Western Blot: Fibronectin Antibody - BSA Free [NBP1-91258] - VSOP observed in perivascular-restricted spinal cord lesions with intact BBB. Immunostaining for laminin (brown) shows vascular endothelium and glia limitans of a perivascular lesion, along with infiltrating cells and VSOP (blue). Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (http://asn.sagepub.com/lookup/doi/10.1042/AN20120081), licensed under a CC-BY license.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Fibronectin Antibody - BSA Free [NBP1-91258] - NIH3T3 cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes and permeabilized in 0.05% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 minutes. The cells were incubated with anti- NBP1-91258 at 1 ug/ml overnight at 4C and detected with an anti-rabbit Dylight 488 (Green) at a 1:1000 dilution for 60 minutes. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Blue). Cells were imaged using a 100X objective and digitally deconvolved.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, ICC/IF

     11 Reviews

45 Publications
Fibronectin Antibody - BSA Free
NBP1-91258
Western Blot: Fibronectin Antibody - BSA Free [NBP1-91258] - VSOP observed in perivascular-restricted spinal cord lesions with intact BBB. Immunostaining for laminin (brown) shows vascular endothelium and glia limitans of a perivascular lesion, along with infiltrating cells and VSOP (blue). Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (http://asn.sagepub.com/lookup/doi/10.1042/AN20120081), licensed under a CC-BY license.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Fibronectin Antibody - BSA Free [NBP1-91258] - NIH3T3 cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes and permeabilized in 0.05% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 minutes. The cells were incubated with anti- NBP1-91258 at 1 ug/ml overnight at 4C and detected with an anti-rabbit Dylight 488 (Green) at a 1:1000 dilution for 60 minutes. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Blue). Cells were imaged using a 100X objective and digitally deconvolved.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, ICC/IF

     11 Reviews

45 Publications
ABCB6 Antibody
NBP1-91642
Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: ABCB6 Antibody [NBP1-91642] - Staining of human cell line U-251 MG shows localization to the Golgi apparatus.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: ABCB6 Antibody [NBP1-91642] - Staining of human testis shows cytoplasmic positivity.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications ICC/IF, IHC, IHC-P

1 Publication
ABCB6 Antibody
NBP1-91642
Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: ABCB6 Antibody [NBP1-91642] - Staining of human cell line U-251 MG shows localization to the Golgi apparatus.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: ABCB6 Antibody [NBP1-91642] - Staining of human testis shows cytoplasmic positivity.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications ICC/IF, IHC, IHC-P

1 Publication
POMC Antibody
NB100-1533
Immunohistochemistry: POMC Antibody [NB100-1533] - Representative confocal images of POMC in POMC-transfected WT and Sel1L-/- N2a cells. White arrows point to POMC-containing secretory granules, while yellow arrows point to perinuclear POMC. KDEL marks the ER. Representative data from at least 2 independent experiments are shown. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (jci.org/articles/view/96420), licensed under a CC-BY license.Flow Cytometry: POMC Antibody [NB100-1533] - Flow cytometric analysis of paraformaldehyde fixed A431 cells (blue line), permeabilized with 0.5% Triton. Primary incubation 1hr (10 ug/mL) followed by Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody (1 ug/mL). IgG control: Unimmunized goat IgG (black line) followed by Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody.

Goat Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Flow, ICC/IF

10 Publications
Insulin Antibody (182410) [Unconjugated]
MAB1417
Insulin was detected in immersion fixed beta TC‑6 mouse beta cell insulinoma cell line using Human/Mouse/Bovine Insulin Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB1417) at 10 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained using the NorthernLights™ 557-conjugated Anti-Rat IgG Secondary Antibody (red; Catalog # <A class=NoLineLink href=Insulin was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human pancreas using Rat Anti-Human/Mouse/Bovine Insulin Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB1417) at 0.5 µg/mL for 1 hour at room temperature followed by incubation with the Anti-Rat IgG VisUCyte™ HRP Polymer Antibody (<a class=

Rat Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Bovine
Applications IHC, CyTOF-ready, ICC

15 Publications
Insulin Antibody (182410) [Unconjugated]
MAB1417
Insulin was detected in immersion fixed beta TC‑6 mouse beta cell insulinoma cell line using Human/Mouse/Bovine Insulin Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB1417) at 10 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained using the NorthernLights™ 557-conjugated Anti-Rat IgG Secondary Antibody (red; Catalog # <A class=NoLineLink href=Insulin was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human pancreas using Rat Anti-Human/Mouse/Bovine Insulin Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB1417) at 0.5 µg/mL for 1 hour at room temperature followed by incubation with the Anti-Rat IgG VisUCyte™ HRP Polymer Antibody (<a class=

Rat Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Bovine
Applications IHC, CyTOF-ready, ICC

15 Publications
Albumin Antibody (188835) [Unconjugated] - Serum
MAB1455
Western blot shows lysate of human liver tissue. PVDF membrane was probed with 1 µg/mL of Mouse Anti-Human Serum Albumin Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB1455) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # <a class=Albumin was detected in immersion fixed BG01V human embryonic stem cells differentiated to hepatocytes using Mouse Anti-Human Serum Albumin Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB1455) at 10 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained using the NorthernLights™ 557-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (red; Catalog # <a class=

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, Simple Western, IHC

     3 Reviews

32 Publications
Albumin Antibody (188835) [Unconjugated] - Serum
MAB1455
Western blot shows lysate of human liver tissue. PVDF membrane was probed with 1 µg/mL of Mouse Anti-Human Serum Albumin Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB1455) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # <a class=Albumin was detected in immersion fixed BG01V human embryonic stem cells differentiated to hepatocytes using Mouse Anti-Human Serum Albumin Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB1455) at 10 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained using the NorthernLights™ 557-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (red; Catalog # <a class=

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, Simple Western, IHC

     3 Reviews

32 Publications
Erythropoietin/EPO [HRP]
MEP00B
Erythropoietin/EPO [HRP] Erythropoietin/EPO [HRP]


Species Mouse
Applications ELISA

99 Publications
Erythropoietin/EPO [HRP]
MEP00B
Erythropoietin/EPO [HRP] Erythropoietin/EPO [HRP]


Species Mouse
Applications ELISA

99 Publications
CTLA-4 [Unconjugated]
7268-CT
Recombinant Human CTLA-4 Fc Chimera (Catalog # 7268-CT) inhibits IL-2 secretion by stimulated Jurkat human acute Tcell leukemia cells. The ED<sub>50</sub> for this effect is 0.03-0.15 μg/mL whenstimulated with 1 μg/mL Recombinant Human B7‑1/CD80 Fc Chimera (Catalog # <a class=


Species Human
Applications BA

3 Publications
CTLA-4 [Unconjugated]
7268-CT
Recombinant Human CTLA-4 Fc Chimera (Catalog # 7268-CT) inhibits IL-2 secretion by stimulated Jurkat human acute Tcell leukemia cells. The ED<sub>50</sub> for this effect is 0.03-0.15 μg/mL whenstimulated with 1 μg/mL Recombinant Human B7‑1/CD80 Fc Chimera (Catalog # <a class=


Species Human
Applications BA

3 Publications
Holo-Transferrin [Unconjugated]
2914-HT


Species Human
Applications BA

41 Publications
Holo-Transferrin [Unconjugated]
2914-HT


Species Human
Applications BA

41 Publications
IL-6 [HRP]
D6050
IL-6 [HRP] IL-6 [HRP]


Species Human
Applications ELISA

745 Publications
IL-6 [HRP]
D6050
IL-6 [HRP] IL-6 [HRP]


Species Human
Applications ELISA

745 Publications
IGF-I/IGF-1 [Unconjugated]
291-G1
Recombinant Human IGF-I/IGF-1 (Catalog # 291-G1) stimulates proliferation in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. The ED<sub>50</sub> for this effect is 0.3‑1.5 ng/mL.1 μg/lane of Recombinant Human IGF-I/IGF-1 was resolved with SDS-PAGE under reducing (R) conditions and visualized by silver staining, showing a single band at 7 kDa.


Species Human
Applications BA

211 Publications
TNF-alpha [Unconjugated]
210-TA
Recombinant Human TNF-alpha (Catalog # 210-TA) has a molecular weight (MW) of 53.1 kDa as analyzed by SEC-MALS, suggesting that this protein is a homotrimer.  MW may differ from predicted MW due to post-translational modifications (PTMs) present (i.e. Glycosylation).Recombinant Human TNF-alpha (Catalog # 210‑TA) induces cytotoxicity in the L-929 mouse fibroblast cell line in the presence of the metabolic inhibitor actinomycin D. The ED<sub>50</sub> for this effect is 25‑100 pg/mL.


Species Human
Applications BA

     3 Reviews

774 Publications
TNF-alpha [Unconjugated]
210-TA
Recombinant Human TNF-alpha (Catalog # 210-TA) has a molecular weight (MW) of 53.1 kDa as analyzed by SEC-MALS, suggesting that this protein is a homotrimer.  MW may differ from predicted MW due to post-translational modifications (PTMs) present (i.e. Glycosylation).Recombinant Human TNF-alpha (Catalog # 210‑TA) induces cytotoxicity in the L-929 mouse fibroblast cell line in the presence of the metabolic inhibitor actinomycin D. The ED<sub>50</sub> for this effect is 25‑100 pg/mL.


Species Human
Applications BA

     3 Reviews

774 Publications
IL-2 [Unconjugated]
202-IL
As an alternative, please consider our next generation Recombinant Human IL-2 (<a class=


Species Human
Applications BA

     4 Reviews

357 Publications
IL-2 [Unconjugated]
202-IL
As an alternative, please consider our next generation Recombinant Human IL-2 (<a class=


Species Human
Applications BA

     4 Reviews

357 Publications
PrPC Antibody
NB100-56605
Western Blot: PrPC Antibody [NB100-56605] - Analysis of BSE in (A) recombinant fusion protein containing amino acids 162-170 and (B) fusion partner without these amino acids, using this antibody at 5 ug/ml.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Avian, Bovine, Sheep
Applications WB

PrPC Antibody
NB100-56605
Western Blot: PrPC Antibody [NB100-56605] - Analysis of BSE in (A) recombinant fusion protein containing amino acids 162-170 and (B) fusion partner without these amino acids, using this antibody at 5 ug/ml.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Avian, Bovine, Sheep
Applications WB

CD4 Antibody - BSA Free
NBP1-19371
Immunohistochemistry: CD4 Antibody [NBP1-19371] - Increased CD3+ and CD4+ T-cell occurrence in the brainstem of SHR-72 transgenic rat model for tauopathies. (A-D) Immunofluorescence staining showed CD4+ T-cells in SHR-72 transgenic animals. (E- H) Immunofluorescence staining showed more perivascular than brain parenchyma infiltrating CD4+ T-cells in SHR-72 transgenic animals. PLoS One. 2019 May 23;14(5):e0217216. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217216.Immunohistochemistry: CD4 Antibody [NBP1-19371] - DBZ inhibits the accumulation of CD4+ T cells and Th2 differentiation in the AAAs. (B) The representation of immunohistochemical staining for CD4+ in abdominal aorta from four groups (left). Bar graphs show the percentage of CD4+ positive cell areas (right; n=3 per group). Bar: 50 um.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, Flow

     9 Reviews

45 Publications
CD4 Antibody - BSA Free
NBP1-19371
Immunohistochemistry: CD4 Antibody [NBP1-19371] - Increased CD3+ and CD4+ T-cell occurrence in the brainstem of SHR-72 transgenic rat model for tauopathies. (A-D) Immunofluorescence staining showed CD4+ T-cells in SHR-72 transgenic animals. (E- H) Immunofluorescence staining showed more perivascular than brain parenchyma infiltrating CD4+ T-cells in SHR-72 transgenic animals. PLoS One. 2019 May 23;14(5):e0217216. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217216.Immunohistochemistry: CD4 Antibody [NBP1-19371] - DBZ inhibits the accumulation of CD4+ T cells and Th2 differentiation in the AAAs. (B) The representation of immunohistochemical staining for CD4+ in abdominal aorta from four groups (left). Bar graphs show the percentage of CD4+ positive cell areas (right; n=3 per group). Bar: 50 um.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, Flow

     9 Reviews

45 Publications
HLA DQ/DR/DP Antibody (HLA-Pan/2967R) - Azide and BSA Free
NBP2-79843
Western Blot: HLA DQ/DR/DP Antibody (HLA-Pan/2967R) - Azide and BSA Free [NBP2-79843] - Western Blot Analysis of Ramos cell lysate using HLA DQ/DR/DP Antibody (HLA-Pan/2967R).Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: HLA DQ/DR/DP Antibody (HLA-Pan/2967R) - Azide and BSA Free [NBP2-79843] - Immunofluorescence staining of PFA-fixed Ramos cells. HLA DQ/DR/DP Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (HLA DQ/DR/DP/2967R) followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG-CF488 (green). Nuclei stained with RedDot.

Rabbit Monoclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, ELISA, Flow

HLA DQ/DR/DP Antibody (HLA-Pan/2967R) - Azide and BSA Free
NBP2-79843
Western Blot: HLA DQ/DR/DP Antibody (HLA-Pan/2967R) - Azide and BSA Free [NBP2-79843] - Western Blot Analysis of Ramos cell lysate using HLA DQ/DR/DP Antibody (HLA-Pan/2967R).Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: HLA DQ/DR/DP Antibody (HLA-Pan/2967R) - Azide and BSA Free [NBP2-79843] - Immunofluorescence staining of PFA-fixed Ramos cells. HLA DQ/DR/DP Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (HLA DQ/DR/DP/2967R) followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG-CF488 (green). Nuclei stained with RedDot.

Rabbit Monoclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, ELISA, Flow


Related Genes

Glycosylation has been researched against:

Related Pathways

Glycosylation has been linked to:

Related Diseases

Glycosylation has been studied in relation to diseases such as:

Related PTMs

Glycosylation has been studied in relation to posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including: