Recombinant Human Activin AB Protein

• Reactivity: Hu
• Applications: Bioactivity

Recombinant Human Activin AB Protein Summary

• Details of Functionality: Measured by its ability to induce hemoglobin expression in K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Schwall, R.H. et al. (1991) Method Enzymol. 198:340. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 0.2‑1.2 ng/mL.
• Source: Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line, CHO-derived human Activin AB protein
  

  Human Activin beta A (Gly311 - Ser426) Accession # NP_002183.1

  Human Activin beta B (Gly293 - Ala407) Accession # NP_002184.2
  N-terminus	C-terminus

• Accession #: NP_002183 ( beta A) & NP_002184 ( beta B)
• N-terminal Sequence: Gly311( beta A subunit) & Gly293 ( beta B subunit)
• Structure / Form: Disulfide-linked heterodimer
• Protein/Peptide Type: Recombinant Proteins
• Purity: >90%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain
• Endotoxin Note: <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

• Dilutions:
  • Bioactivity
• Theoretical MW: 12.8 kDa ( beta A subunit) and 13 kDa ( beta B subunit).
  Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.
• SDS-PAGE: 14 kDa, reducing conditions

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

• Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
• Buffer: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA with BSA as a carrier protein.
• Purity: >90%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain
• Reconstitution Instructions: Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in 4 mM HCl.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Recombinant Human Activin AB Protein

• Activin AB

Background

Activins, members of the TGF-beta superfamily, are disulfide-linked dimeric proteins that were originally purified from gonadal fluids as proteins that stimulated pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release. Activin proteins have since been shown to have a wide range of biological activities including: mesoderm induction, neural cell differentiation, bone remodeling, hematopoiesis and roles in reproductive physiology. Activins are produced as precursor proteins with an amino-terminal propeptide that is cleaved to release the carboxy-terminal bioactive ligands. Activins are homodimers or heterodimers of the various beta subunit isoforms. Five beta subunits (mammalian beta _A, beta _B, beta _C, beta _E and Xenopus beta _D) have been cloned. The nomenclature reflects the subunit composition of the proteins: Activin A ( beta _A - beta _A), Activin B ( beta _B - beta _B), and Activin AB ( beta _A - beta _B). Activin A, Activin B, and Activin AB are present in gonadal tissues and are biologically active proteins. However, little is known about the contribution of the other beta subunits to Activin formation and function since knock-outs of beta _C and beta _E in mice do not exhibit a phenotype.

At the amino acid sequence level, the mature human beta _A subunit is 100% identical to mouse beta _A, while the mature human and mouse beta _B subunits share 98% identity. The mature beta _A and beta _B subunits share less than 80% amino acid identity. Mice with targeted mutations of beta _A, beta _B, or both genes do not show mesodermal defects, indicating Activin is not involved in mesoderm formation in mammals as it is in Xenopus. Also, the double homozygous mutants have the whole spectrum of defects associated with either mutation alone, suggesting that Activin beta _A and beta _B do not compensate for one another, nor do they have overlapping functions. Similar to other TGF-beta family members, Activins exert their biological activities through binding to the heterodimeric complex composed of two membrane spanning serine-threonine kinases designated type I and type II. Activin binds directly to ACT RII, the complex then associates with ACT RI and initiates signaling through the SMADs.

1. Woodruff, T.K. (1998) Biochemical Pharmacology 55:953.
2. Ying, S.Y. et al. (1997) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 214:114.
3. Chang, H. et al. (2001) Mol. Cell. Endocrinology 180:39.

Publications for Activin AB (1066-AB)(5)

Publications using 1066-AB

• BC Goh, V Singhal, AJ Herrera, RE Tomlinson, S Kim, MC Faugere, EL Germain-Le, TL Clemens, SJ Lee, DJ DiGirolamo Activin Receptor Type IIA (ACVR2A) Functions Directly in Osteoblasts as a Negative Regulator of Bone Mass J. Biol. Chem., 2017-06-28;0(0):. 2017-06-28 [PMID: 28659341] (Bioassay, Mouse)
• E Latres, J Mastaitis, W Fury, L Miloscio, J Trejos, J Pangilinan, H Okamoto, K Cavino, E Na, A Papatheodo, T Willer, Y Bai, J Hae Kim, A Rafique, S Jaspers, T Stitt, AJ Murphy, GD Yancopoulo, J Gromada Activin A more prominently regulates muscle mass in primates than does GDF8 Nat Commun, 2017-04-28;8(0):15153. 2017-04-28 [PMID: 28452368] (Surface Plasmon Resonance, Human)
• Ungefroren H, Hyder A, Hinz H, Groth S, Lange H, El-Sayed K, Ehnert S, Nussler A, Fandrich F, Gieseler F Pluripotency gene expression and growth control in cultures of peripheral blood monocytes during their conversion into programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMO): evidence for a regulatory role of autocrine activin and TGF-beta. PLoS ONE, 2015-02-23;10(2):e0118097. 2015-02-23 [PMID: 25707005] (Bioassay, Human)
• Castonguay R, Werner ED, Matthews RG, Presman E, Mulivor AW, Solban N, Sako D, Pearsall RS, Underwood KW, Seehra J, Kumar R, Grinberg AV Soluble Endoglin Specifically Binds Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 9 and 10 via Its Orphan Domain, Inhibits Blood Vessel Formation, and Suppresses Tumor Growth. J. Biol. Chem., 2011-07-07;286(34):30034-46. 2011-07-07 [PMID: 21737454] (Surface Plasmon Resonance, Human, Mouse)
• Maeshima A, Vaughn DA, Choi Y, Nigam SK Activin A is an endogenous inhibitor of ureteric bud outgrowth from the Wolffian duct. Dev. Biol., 2006-04-27;295(2):473-85. 2006-04-27 [PMID: 16643884] (Bioassay, Rat)

Bioinformatics

• Uniprot:
  • NP_002183 ( beta A) & NP_002184 ( beta B)()