Description
Integrin alpha M beta 2, also called MAC-1 or complement receptor type 3 (CR3), is one of three leukocyte beta 2 integrins. The non-covalent heterodimer of 170 kDa alpha M/CD11b and 95 kDa beta 2/CD18 integrin subunits is expressed mainly on myeloid and natural killer cells (1-6). The alpha M vWFA or I-domain, which contains adhesion sites, forms the N-terminal head region with the alpha M beta -propeller and the beta 2 vWFA domain. Unlike most integrins, the calf domain of alpha M is lectin-like and binds carbohydrates (7). Each subunit has a transmembrane sequence and a short cytoplasmic tail. The 1088 amino acid (aa) human alpha M/CD11b ECD shares 73-76% aa sequence identity with mouse, rat, bovine, and canine alpha M, while the 678 aa human beta 2/CD18 ECD shares 81 - 83% aa sequence identity with mouse, rat, bovine, canine, goat, sheep, and porcine beta 2. Like other integrins, alpha M beta 2 has multiple activation states (1-3). In the presence of divalent cations and "inside-out" signaling, alpha M beta 2 is fully active and extended. In the inactive state, the heterodimer flexes in the center at the alpha M thigh and calf domains and beta 2 I-EGF domains, impeding access to adhesion sites. Active alpha M beta 2 binds an unusually large number of adhesion partners, including the complement opsonin fragment iC3b, coagulation proteins fibrinogen, plasminogen and factor X, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins fibronectin, laminin and collagen, and cell surface ICAMs, myelin basic protein and DC-SIGN (3, 4, 7). alpha M beta 2 lectin-like adhesion partners include heparin, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and GPI-linked glycoproteins such as uPAR and Fc gamma RIIIB (3, 7). Binding of platelet JAM-C links platelets with myeloid and dendritic cell (DC) alpha M beta 2 and recruits these cells to inflamed or injured endothelium, while neutrophil alpha M beta 2 adheres to RAGE on inflamed endothelium; both are atherogenic events (3, 8, 9). However, activation of alpha M beta 2 inhibits alternative activation of macrophages and atherosclerotic foam cell formation (3, 10). alpha M beta 2 can either suppress or allow constitutive neutrophil apoptosis, depending on its ligand and activation state (3, 11, 12). Deletion of mouse alpha M causes defects in neutrophil adhesion and degranulation, while mutations of human or mouse beta 2 cause leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD-1) and susceptibility to bacterial infections (3, 12, 13).
Bioinformatics
| Uniprot |
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| Product By Gene ID |
3684 |
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