Archive for the ‘Antibody database’ Category
Monday, May 7th, 2012
Reactive oxygen species, ROS, are beneficially involved in many signaling pathways that control development and maintain cellular homeostasis. In physiological conditions, a tightly regulated redox balance protects cells from injurious ROS activity, altered balance leads to various pathological conditions including cancer. MAP17 is a small 17-kDa non-glycosylated membrane protein that is overexpressed in many tumors of different origins, including carcinomas. Antibody studies have revealed that tumor cells overexpressing MAP17 show an increased tumoral phenotype associated with an increase in ROS. Increased MAP17 expression also results in enhanced proliferative capabilities both in presence or absence of contact inhibition, decreased apoptotic sensitivity and increased migration in cells. Malignant cell behavior induced by MAP17 is associated with an increased ROS production, and the treatment of MAP17-expressing cells with antioxidants results in a reduction of the tumorigenic properties. MAP17-dependent ROS increase and tumor malignancy are interdependent on its PDZ-binding domain, since disruption of its sequence by point mutations abolishes its ability to enhance ROS production and tumorigenesis (1). PDZ may represent the link between the cell membrane-where it interacts with MAP17-and other cytoplasmic proteins involved in biologic functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and ion transport (2). Interestingly, in non-tumor cells MAP17 increases ROS, resulting in senescence or apoptosis. Therefore, in tumor cells, MAP17 could be a marker for increased oxidative stress and could define new therapeutic approaches (3,4). We at Novus Biologicals offer a large number of MAP17 antibodies and support reagents to investigate the potential role in oxidative stress mediated tumorigenesis.
- PMID: 17548903
- PMID: 9461128
- PMID: 8701988
- PMID: 22465409
Tags: Antioxidants, MAP17, MAP17 antibody, Oxidative Stress, PDZ domain, Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS
Posted in Antibodies, Antibody catalog, Antibody database, Antibody suppliers, Apoptosis, Cancer, Tumor | No Comments »
Tuesday, May 1st, 2012
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical event in the induction of cell motility and increased survival both under physiological situations like wound healing or development, as well as in malignant cells undergoing invasion and metastasis. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein which is characteristically upregulated in cells undergoing EMT. Recent studies support the notion that vimentin functions as a positive regulator of EMT and upregulation of vimentin appears to be a prerequisite for EMT induction (1). Vimentin has been shown to be an important regulator of cell motility. In cell culture conditions, vimentin is upregulated at the wound edge in mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells (2,3). Additionally it has been shown that fibroblasts lacking vimentin migrate poorly, and display reduced mechanical stability, motility and directional migration towards different chemo-attractive stimuli (4). Furthermore, wounds in vimentin-deficient adult animals showed delayed migration of fibroblasts into the wound site and subsequently retarded contraction that correlated with a delayed appearance of myofibroblasts at the wound site (5). Vimentin has been recognized as a marker for EMT, although EMT is associated with several tumorigenic events, vimentin’s role in the underlying events mediating these processes remains unknown. By virtue of its overexpression in cancer and its association with tumor growth and metastasis, vimentin serves as an attractive potential target for cancer therapy; however, more research would be crucial to evaluate its specific role in cancer (6). Novus Biologicals offers a wide range of Vimentin related products such as poly and monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, ELISA kits, protein lysates and RNAi products.
- PMID: 21686283
- PMID: 21057535
- PMID: 18281472
- PMID: 9625752
- PMID: 10852824
- PMID: 21637948
Tags: Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Antibodies, Vimentin, Vimentin antibody, Wound healing
Posted in Antibodies, Antibody catalog, Antibody database, Antibody suppliers, Cancer, Tumor | No Comments »
Monday, April 30th, 2012
I began using the HSP60 antibody (NB110-57063) in June of 2010 and it worked well. I do not like to buy antibodies that have not been tested in the species for which I will use them, so I picked this antibody because it had already been tested in rat tissue. I split the antibody into 20ul aliquots and stored it at -20C. I first ran a Western blot with 15ug of a RIPA whole cell lystate from WKPT cells a rat kidney immortalized cell line derived from the S1 proximal tubule segment. I used a 10% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to PVDF membrane for 1 hour in transfer buffer with 10% methanol. I then blocked with odyssey blocking buffer for 2 hours at RT. I probed with the primary antibody with a 1:1000 dilution over night at 4C, and have even gotten good signal with as little as 1:5000 dilution of the antibody. I incubated 1 hour with Licor goat anti rabbit 680nm secondary then imaged on an Odyssey scanner. I saw a band at about 60kDa, the blot was clear of any other containment bands. I used this antibody several times with similar result. I have only tried it with WKPT samples so far, but it worked great and I would recommend this antibody to others. I recently reused it and found I needed to use a more concentrated dilution (ie. 1:1000), however this is likely because it has been stored in -20 C for a year and a half.
This guest blog was submitted by Novus customer, Dana Freund of Colorado State University.
Tags: HSP60, HSP60 antibody, Western blot
Posted in Antibodies, Antibody catalog, Antibody database, Antibody suppliers, Heat Shock Proteins, Hypoxia | No Comments »
Friday, April 27th, 2012
Apoptosis is one of the main types of programmed cell death which involves a cascade of biochemical events leading to specific cell morphology characteristics and ultimately death of cells.
Caspases play crucial roles in modulating cellular signaling pathways involved in apoptosis and inflammation (1). Typically, caspase proteins consist of a prodomain, and large and small domains that are cleaved on activation. One class of prodomain is called caspase recruitment domain (CARD), common in caspase-1, -2, -4, -5, -9, -11, and -12, and some caspase-associated adapter proteins. The CARD–CARD interactions have also been known to participate in NF-kB signaling pathways in innate and adaptive immune responses including apoptosis (2). ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) or TMS 1 (target of methylation-induced silencing) ASC/TMS1 is a bipartite protein comprising two protein-protein interaction domains, a pyrin domain (PYD) and a caspase recruitment domain (CARD).
Proteins containing these domains play pivotal roles in regulating apoptosis and immune response pathways. Mutations in a number of PYD- and CARD-containing proteins have been linked to autoinflammatory diseases and cancer. Indeed, one of the ways in which ASC/TMS1 was identified was as a target of methylation-mediated silencing in breast cancer cells. ASC/TMS1 has been reported to functionally influence apoptosis, activation of inflammatory caspases and regulation of NF-kappa B (3). Novus Biologicals provides a variety of antibodies to ASC/TMS1 (NBP1-78977), CARD12 (NBP1-78979 & NBP1-78980) and NFKB p65 (NBP1-96138 & NBP1-96139), as well as proteins, peptides and RNAi to investigate the apoptotic pathways.
- PMID:15164013
- PMID:12101092
- PMID:14739594
Tags: ASC/TMS1, ASC/TMS1 antibody, Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Antibodies, CARD 10, CARD 10 antibody, CARD 11, CARD 11 antibody, CARD 12, CARD 12 antibody, CARD 14, CARD 14 antibody, CARD 16, CARD 16 antibody, CARD 17, CARD 17 antibody, CARD 18, CARD 18 antibody, CARD 6, CARD 6 antibody, CARD 8, CARD 8 antibody, CARD 9, CARD 9 antibody, Caspase 1, Caspase 1 antibody, Caspase 11, Caspase 11 antibody, Caspase 12, Caspase 12 antibody, Caspase 2, Caspase 2 antibody, Caspase 4, Caspase 4 antibody, Caspase 5, Caspase 5 antibody, Caspase 9, Caspase 9 antibody, NFkB, NFkB antibody, NFkB p65, NFkB p65 antibody
Posted in Antibodies, Antibody catalog, Antibody database, Antibody suppliers, Apoptosis, Cancer, Immunology, Inflammation | No Comments »
Tuesday, April 24th, 2012
S100A12 (Calgranulin C) belongs to the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins. The 20 members of this group share EF-hand domains which are involved in binding of calcium. S100A12 is expressed by granulocytes, whereas its expression by monocytes remains controversial (1). S100A12 is secreted by activated granulocytes (2). S100A12 is a ligand for the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) expressed on macrophages, lymphocytes and endothelium. RAGE mediates an up-regulation of the connective tissue growth factor IGFBP-rP2 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 2), which is a potent inducer of angiogenesis (3). Additionally, RAGE has been shown to increase adhesion of granulocytes to stimulated endothelial cells (4). S100A12 serum levels might serve as a marker for local disease activity in different forms of arthritis as well. Patients with active arthritis revealed significantly higher S100A12 levels than healthy controls. The high local expression of S100A12 at the site of inflammation seems to be responsible for the correlating levels that are detected in serum (5). In different mouse models of inflammation including arthritis, blocking this interaction with soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and anti-S100A12 antibodies revealed clear anti-inflammatory effects (6). Further studies on the functional role of S100A12 in human arthritis have to prove the usefulness of new biological therapies that focus on pro-inflammatory activities of human S100A12. The expression of S100A12 in human arthritis provokes the question whether S100A12 protein and its interaction with RAGE might be a target for novel therapies. Novus Biologicals offers an extensive selection of S100A12 study tools, including S110A12 recombinant protein, cell lysate and highly specific antibodies with reactivity against different species.
- PMID: 10399917, 10973813
- PMID: 10726775
- PMID: 11316739
- PMID: 11854121
- PMID: 14644132
- PMID: 11581294
Tags: Arthritis, RAGE, RAGE antibody, S100A12, S100A12 antibody
Posted in Angiogenesis, Antibodies, Antibody catalog, Antibody database, Antibody suppliers, Cancer, Immunology, Inflammation, Rheumatoid Arthritis | No Comments »
Monday, April 23rd, 2012
I first tried the PBP antibody (NB110-93495) in June of 2010 and it worked well. I picked this antibody because it had been tested in rat tissue, so I was confident it would work for my rat samples. I stored the PBP antibody in 20ul aliquots after it arrived then stored it at -20C and used it over a 3 month period. I ran a Western blot with 15ug of a RIPA whole cell lystate from WKPT cells a rat kidney immortalized cell line derived from the S1 proximal tubule segment. I used a 10% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to PVDF membrane for 1 hour in transfer buffer with 10% methanol. I then blocked with odyssey blocking buffer for 2 hours at RT. I probed with the PBP primary antibody with a 1:1000 dilution over night at 4C. I incubated 1 hour with Licor goat anti rabbit 680nm secondary then imaged on a odyssey scanner. I saw a band at about 22kDa, the blot was clear of any other containment bands. I used this PBP antibody several times with similar results. I wanted to ultimately quantify the PBP band and checked for saturation of the antibody in my samples by also running a blot loading 5, 10, and 15ug of my sample to check for linearity when diluting the antibody 1:1000. The antibody proved to not be saturated and linear intensity was detected across the three amounts. I have only tried it with WKPT samples but it worked great and I would recommend to others!
This guest blog was submitted by Novus customer, Dana Freund of Colorado State University.
Tags: NB110-93495, PBP, PBP antibody, Western blot, Western blotting
Posted in Antibodies, Antibody catalog, Antibody database, Antibody suppliers, Product Review, Support Products | No Comments »
Thursday, April 19th, 2012
Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) (TGs) are the major storage molecules of metabolic energy and FAs in most living organisms. Excessive accumulation of TGs, however, is associated with human diseases, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and steatohepatitis. The final and the only committed step in the biosynthesis of TGs is catalyzed by acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes. The genes encoding two DGAT enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, were identified, and the use of molecular tools, including mice deficient in either enzyme, has shed light on their functions. DGAT1 and DGAT2 are expressed in many of the same tissues in mammals. DGAT1 is expressed ubiquitously, with the highest mRNA levels occurring in organs that make large amounts of TG, such as small intestine, liver, adipose tissue, and mammary gland. In humans, the highest mRNA levels were in the small intestine, followed by testis, adipose tissue, thymus, mammary gland, skeletal muscle, heart, spleen, pancreas, and liver (1). Although DGAT enzymes are involved in TG synthesis, they have distinct protein sequences and differ in their biochemical, cellular, and physiological functions DGAT enzymes may be useful as therapeutic targets for several human diseases including obesity, diabetes mellitus and steatohepatitits. Novus Biologicals offers an extensive selection of lipid and metabolism research tools, including highly specific DGAT1 and DGAT2 antibodies with reactivity against different species.
1. PMID: 9789033
Tags: DGAT1, DGAT1 antibody, DGAT2, DGAT2 antibody, Triacylglycerols
Posted in Antibodies, Antibody catalog, Antibody database, Antibody suppliers, Diabetes, Lipid & Metabolism | No Comments »
Tuesday, April 17th, 2012
Apolipoprotein E also known as ApoE is a 36kDa protein that is expressed in all lipoprotein fractions in plasma. This protein is produced in high quantities in the liver, brain, spleen, lung and kidney. The function of APOE is to mediate the binding, internalize and catabolize lipoprotein particles. A study carried out by researchers at the Case Western Reserve University in Ohio has recently been highlighted in the BBC Health News. They investigated the effects of ApoE as a step forward in understanding Alzheimer’s disease. The main theory behind the cause of this deadly disease is the accumulation of beta-amyloid which causes the formation of amyloid plaques in the brain. ApoE is critical in removing beta-amyloid. ApoE expression is transcriptionally induced through the action of PPAR gamma and Liver X Receptors in coordination with retinoid X Receptors. The scientists at the Case Western Reserve University administered the RXR agonist bexarotene to both young and old mice that had established amyloid plaques. This administration was followed by a rapidly lowered level of beta-amyloid within six hours in young mice and in older mice the level of amyloid plaques were halved within seven days of treatment. These findings could potentially lead to an effective treatment and possible a cure for Alzheimer’s. Here at Novus Biologicals we provide a range of top quality ApoE antibodies and support reagents for neuroscience research.
Tags: amyloid beta, amyloid beta antibody, amyloid precursor protein, Amyloid Precursor Protein antibody, Apolipoprotein E, Apolipoprotein E antibody, APP, APP antibody, Liver X Receptor, Liver X Receptor antibody, PPAR gamma, PPAR gamma antibody
Posted in Alzheimer's, Antibodies, Antibody catalog, Antibody database, Antibody suppliers, Lipid & Metabolism, Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience | No Comments »
Monday, April 16th, 2012
The exact function of Peripherin, or Neurofilament 4, is unknown however it has been suggested to play a role in axon formation and determining and maintaining the shape of nerve cells. Peripherin is a 470 amino acid Class-III neuronal intermediate filament protein. It has two isoforms produced by alternative splicing, one with a molecular weight of 53.651 KDa and one with a molecular weight of 53.779 KDa. It also undergoes nitration as post translational modification. It has been suggested by a number of studies that peripherin may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases. An increase in peripherin expression has been linked to the initiation and growth of axons during development. A transgenic study in mice has shown that the over expression of the protein appears to be linked to motor neuron death. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which an up-regulation of peripherin mRNA has been found in. These findings require further research to find out the exact role of peripherin. Here at Novus Biologicals we offer a number of Peripherin antibodies that have been validated for use in Western Blot, Immunofluoresence and Immunohistochemistry.
Tags: ALS, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Neurofilament 4, Neurofilament 4 antibody, Peripherin, Peripherin antibody
Posted in Antibodies, Antibody catalog, Antibody database, Antibody suppliers, Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience | No Comments »
Thursday, April 5th, 2012
Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1), also known as Chemokine C-C motif Ligand 2 (CCL2), is a small cytokine involved in immune response, inflammation and tissue repair. Specifically, MCP1 is responsible for recruiting monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to sites of tissue injury or infection. MCP-1 is produced by a wide range of cell types as a reaction to diverse inflammatory stimuli, and has been implicated in many diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis.
However, a recent study by Dr. Tsuyada, et al. at the City of Hope’s Beckman Research Institute has identified MCP1 as a key factor in breast cancer disease progression. In the paper (1), researchers investigated the effects of stromal fibroblasts on breast cancer stem cells to find that the CCL2 is significantly upregulated in cancer associated fibroblast cells. The authors found that increased MCP1 protein induced Notch1 expression and lead to the cancer stem cell signaling circuit of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, inhibiting CCL2 expression successfully prevented both Notch1 expression and tumor growth progression. These findings indicate that MCP1 antibodies may soon become useful therapeutic tools to block cancer stem cell-mediated disease progression.
Novus Biologicals offers an extensive selection of MCP1 reagents, including highly specific antibodies, recombinant proteins, ELISA packs, lysates and more!
1. PMID: 22472119
Tags: Atherosclerosis, Breast Cancer Antibodies, CCL2, CCL2 antibody, MCP1, MCP1 antibody, NOTCH1, NOTCH1 antibody, Psoriasis
Posted in Antibodies, Antibody catalog, Antibody database, Antibody suppliers, Cancer, Immunology, Inflammation, Stem Cells, Tumor | No Comments »
